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23  WEST  MAIfJ  STREET 

WE3STER,N.Y.  14S80 

(716)  872-4503 


%* 


£>,• 


CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions 


Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


1980 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographically  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


D 


D 


D 
D 


D 


D 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 


I      I    Covers  damaged/ 


Couverture  endommag^e 


Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaur^e  et/ou  pellicul6e 


Cover  title  missing/ 


I I    Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 


Coloured  maps/ 


I I    Cartes  gdographiques  en  couleur 

□    Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 

□    Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 
Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 


Bound  with  other  material/ 
Relid  avec  d'autres  documents 

Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

La  reliure  serr^e  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distortion  le  long  de  la  marge  int^rieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajoutdes 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte, 
mais,  lorsque  cela  §tait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  dt6  film^es. 

Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  suppldmentaires; 


r/ 


L'Institut  a  microfilm^  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  6t6  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-dtre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  methods  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiqu6s  ci-dessous. 


I      I    Coloured  pages/ 


Pages  de  couleur 

Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommagdes 

Pages  restored  and/oi 

Pages  restaurdes  et/ou  pelliculdes 

Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxe( 
Pages  d6color6es,  tachetdes  ou  piqu^es 


I      I    Pages  damaged/ 

I      I    Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 

I      I    Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 


□    Pages  detached/ 
Pages  d^tachdes 

r~~}^Showthrough/ 
I 1    Transparence 

I      I    Quality  of  print  varies/ 


Quality  indgale  de  I'impressionf 

Includes  supplementary  material/ 
Comprend  du  material  supplementaire 

Only  edition  avrilable/ 
Seuie  Edition  disponible 


D 


Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  6td  filmdes  d  nouveau  de  fapon  d 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  filmd  au  taux  de  reduction  indiqu6  ci-dessous. 


10X 

14X 

18X 

22X 

26X 

30X 

~7 

12X                              16X                             20X                              24X                             28X                             32X 

The  copy  filmed  here  has  been  reproduced  thanks 
to  the  aenerositv  of: 


to  the  generosity  of: 


Library  of  the  Public 
Archives  of  Canada 


L'exemplaire  film6  fut  reproduit  grdce  d  la 
g6n6rosit6  de: 

La  bibliothdque  des  Archives 
publiques  du  Canada 


The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  -^►(meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 


Les  images  suivantes  ont  6t6  laproduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
de  la  nettetd  de  Texemplaire  film6,  et  en 
conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 

Les  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprimde  sont  filmds  en  commenqant 
par  le  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  selon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sent  filmds  en  commenpant  par  la 
premidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 

Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaitra  sur  la 
dernidre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbole  —^'  si<;nifie  "A  SUIVRE ',  le 
symbols  V  signifie    FIN". 


IVIaps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  dtre 
filmds  d  des  taux  de  reduction  diff^rents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  dtre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  clich6,  il  est  filmd  d  partir 
de  Tangle  supdrieur  gauche,  de  gauche  d  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  n^cessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  mdthode. 


1 

2 

3 

32X 


1  2  3 

4  5  6 


CANADA 


PUBLIC  ARCHIVES 


ARCHIVES  PUBLIQUES 


THE 


SCIENTIFIC  AMERICAN 

Reference  Book 


A  COMPENDIUM   OF 


USEFUL    INFORMATION 


Containing  the  Complete  Census  of  the  United  States  by 

Counties  ;  Map  of  the  United  States  ;    Views  of  Public 

JiuiLDiNGs  ;   Patent  and  Copyright  Laws  ;  Rules  and 

JJIRECTIONS   for  OBTAINING  PATENTS  ;    FoRMS  FOR  PA- 
TENTS,   Caveats,  Assignments,    and   Licenses; 
Hints  on  the  Value  and  Sale  of  Patents  • 
Tables  of  the  Weights  and  Measures   ' 
of  the  United  States  ;    The  Prin- 
cipal Mechanical    Movements, 
WITH  150  Diagrams  ;  History 
and  Description  of  the 
Steam  -  Engine,  and 
Valuable  Tables, 
Calculations, 
Problems, 
Etc. 


JTew  yoRK  : 

MUNN  &  CO.,  OFFICE  OF  THE  SCIENTIFIC  AMERICAN, 
No.  37  PARK  ROW. 

1877.       . 


to 


Entered,  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1876,  by 

MUNN  &  CO., 
In  the  Office  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress,  at  Washington. 


yai'M    U- 


S.  W.  Green,  Printer, 

16  ft  18  Jacob  Street, 

New  York. 


7 /J  ^f 


CENSUS 

OF  THE 

UNITED  STATES,  BY  OOUNTIES,  POE  1870. 


ALABAMA.— Area,  60.722  square  inilef. 


4ataaga...II,623  Clav 9,660 

Baker 6,194  Cleburne. ..  8,017 

Baldwin. ...  6,004  ('oflTee 6,171 

Barbour... 29,309  Colbert 12,637 

Benton Conecuh . . .  9,674 

Bibb 7,469  Cooia I1,94S 


Blount 9,945 

BuUock.... 24,474 

Butler 14,981 

Calhoun...  13,979 
Chamber*. .  17,663 
Cherokee..  1 1.132 
ChocUw...  12,676 
Clark 14,629 


Arkaniat . 
Ashley 8,U42 


Benton . 
Boone — 
Bradley.. 
Calhoun  . 
Carroll . 


Chi«ot r.214 

Clark 11,963 

Columbia.. 11,397 


Conway 

Crawford. 

Crittenden 


Covington..  4,868 
Crenshaw.. 11, 166 

Vale 11,325 

DaUaa 40,705 

DeKalb...  7,126 

KlDMre 14,477 

EaKambia. .  4,041 
Etowah 10,109 

ABKANSAS.- 

8,268    Craighead  .  4,677 

Crosi 8,916 

Dallas 5,707 

Desha 6,125 

Drew 9,960 

Franklin...  9,627 

Fulton 4,843 

Grant 8,943 

Green 7,673 

Hempatead.  13,768 
Hot  Springs  6,877 
Independ'cel4,666 


Fayette 7,166  Lowndeii.  .26,719 

rranklin...  8,006  Macon 17,727 

Geneva 2,969  Madison  . .  .31,267 

Greene 18,399  Marengo. .  .26,161 

Hancock Marion ....  6,069 

Hale 21,792  Marshall. . .  .9,871 

Henry 14,191  Mobile 49,311 


JackMn 19,410  Montgom'y.43,704 

JelTerson. . .  12,346  Morgan. . . .  12,187 

Lauderdale  16,092  Monroe 14,214 

Lawrence  .  16,668  Perry 24,975 

Lee 21,760  Pickens. ...  17,690 

Limestone  .  16,017  Pike 17,423 

ToUl 

-Area,  62.108  square  xniles. 


Randolph..  12,006 
RusseU....21.836 

Sanford 8893 

Shelby 12,218 

St.  Clair...  9,360 

Sumter 24,110 

Talladega..  18,063 
Tallapooia  16,963 
Tuscaloosa  20.081 
Walker...  6,643 
Washington  3,912 
Wilcox . . .  .28,377 
Winston...  4,165 


13,831 

7,032 
8,646 
3,863 
,6,780 


8,112 
8,967 
8,831 


Izard 6,806 

Jackson 7,268 

Jeflerson  ..16,733 
Johnson....  9,162 
Lafayette..  9,139 
Lawrence..  6,981 
Little  River  3,236 
Madison . . .  7,927 

Marion 

Mississippi. 
Monroe. . . 
Montgom'y 


Newton...  3,364 
Ouachita. . .  13,975 

Perry 2,685 

PhiUips....  15,372 

Pike 3,788 

Poinsett...  1,720 

Polk 8,376 

Pope 8,409 

Prairie 6,604 

Pulaski  . .  .32,066 
Randolph . .  7,466 
St.  Francis.  6,714 


Saline 3,911 

Scott 7,483 


Searcy. 
Sebastian . . 

Sevier 

Sharpe  

Union  .... 
Van  Buren. 


6,614 
:2,940 

4,492 

6,400 
10,571 

6,107 


Washingt'nl7.266 

White 10,346 

Woodruff.  .6,891 
Yell 8,048 


Alameda. 

Alpine 685 

Amador 9,682 

Butte 11,403 

Calaveras. .  8,895 

Colusa 6, 165 

Contra  Costa  8,461 
Del  Norte..  2,022 
El  Dorado.  10,309 
Fresno 6,336 


Inyo 1,966 

Kern 9,925 

Klamath...  1,686 

Lake 2,969 

Lassen 1,324 

I^s  Angelosl5,309 

Marin 6,903 

Mariposa  . .  4,672 
Mendocino .  7,645 


8.  Joaquin. 21 ,060 
S.L.Obispo.  1,772 
S.  Mateo  . .  6,635 
S.  Barbara.  7,784 


S.  Clara. 
8.  Crua 
Shasta  . 
Sierra.. , 
Siskiyou.. 


.26,246 
8,743 
4,173 
6,619 
6,848 


Sonoma 
Stanislaus 

Sutter 

Tehoma  . . . 

Trinity 

Tulare 

Tuolumne 

Yolo 9,899 

Yuba 10,861 


.16i«;"l 
.19.M9 
6,499 
6.030 
3,687 
3,213 
4,533 
.  8.150 


3,97* 

3,633 

8,336 

2984 

Total... "....: 488,179 

CALIFORNIA.— Area,  188,981  square  miles. 

24,237    Humboldt..  6,143    Merced 2,807    S.  Frauc'ul49,482    Solano 

Mono 430 

Monterey . .  9,876 

Napa 7,163 

Nevada  ...19,136 

Placer 11,367 

Plumas 4,489 

8acramento26,831 
S.  Bernar'o  8,988 
San  Diego  .  4,974 
Total... .". 660,286 

CONNECTICUT.— Area,  4,674  square  mil.s. 

Fairfleld ..  .96,276    Litchfield  .  .48,727    N.  Haven.  121,267    TolUnd  ..  .22,000    Windham    !W.618 
Hartford  .  109,007    Middlesex    36.099    N.  London. 66,634  Total 637,418 

DELAWARE.— Area,  2,120  squar  «  miles. 

Kent 29,804    N.  Castle.  .63,615    Sussex. ..  .31,696  Total 126,015 

FLORIDA.— Area,  69,268  square  miles. 

Alachua...  17,328    Duval n,921    Jackson  ...  9,628    Marion. ..  .10,804    St.  Johns 

JaflTerson  ..13,398 
Lafayette..  1,783 

Leon 16,233 

Levy 2,017 

Liberty 1,060 

Madison... 11, 121 
Manatee...  1,931 
Total..; :.. 187,760 

OEORaiA.— Area,  68,000  square  miles. 

Kullock  ...  6.610    Charlton  ..  1,897    Cobb 13,814 

Burke 14,686    Chatham  .  .41,279    Coffee 8. 192 

Chattah'ee.  6,069 

Chatooga  . .  6,902 

Cherokee.  .10,399 

Clarke 12,941 

Clav 6.493 


Baker 1,325    Escambia. 

Benton Frank  lin 

Bradford..  8,671    Gadsden 
Brevard...   1,216 
Calhoun ...      906 

Clay 2,098 

Columbia..  7,335 
Dade (6 


Hamilton  . 
Hernando 
Hillsboro  . 
Holme*. 


7,825 
.  1,266 
.  9,802 
.  6,749 
.  2,938 
.  8,215 
.  1,672 


2,618 

Monroe 6,667  Sumter  . . .  2,962 

Nassau. . . .  4,247  Suwanee  . .  3,566 

New  River, Taylor 1,443 

Orange 2,195    Volusia 1,723 

Polk 3,169  Wakulla  ..  2,606 

Putnam  . ..  8,821  Walton  .  . .  3,060 

B.  Rosa. . . .  8,312  Washing'n    2,30 


Appling  . . .  6,086 

Baker 6,843 

Baldwin...  10,618 

Bank* 4,973 

Bartow 16,666 

Berrien  . . .  4,618 

Bibb S1.265 

Brook* 8,342 

Bryan 5,252 


Butt* 6,941 

Calhoun  . . .  6,603 
Camden...  4,611 
Campbell..  9,176 
Carroll 11,782 


Cas* Clay4on 6,477 

Catoosa  ...  4,409    Clinch 8,945 


Cokjuitt  ...  1,664 
Columbia..  13,629 
Coweta...  16,875 
Crawford..  7.667 

Dade 3.033 

Dawson....  4,369 
Decatur...  16,183 


DeKalb...  10.014 
Dooley  ....  9.790 
Dougherty  11,514 


Early  . 

Echob 

EfSngham. . 

Elbert  ... 

Emanuel . . 

Fannin 


6,998 
1,978 
4,214 
9.249 
6,143 
6,429 


CENSUS    OF    THE    UNITED    STATES. 


Fayetto  . . .  8,221 

Fluyd 17,230 

Foriv'h  . . .  »,9M 
Frinklln  ..  7,893 

Fullon 3,34« 

Oilmer . ...  6,644 
(lltMock  ..  2,736 

Glynn 6,376 

GurHon 9,268 

Greene 12,464 

Gwinnett .  .12,431 
Hkberiham  6,333 

Hall 9.607 

Hancock... 11,317 
Haralwn...  4,004 

Harri* 13,284 

Hart 6,783 

Heard 7,866 

Adam*  . . .  .80,363 
Alexander  .  10,664 

Bund 13,163 

Roone 12,943 

Brown 12,205 

Bureau 32,415 

Ralhoan  . . .  6,663 
Carrull...  16,705 

Cam 10,089 

Champaign  32,738 
ChriRtian  .  .20,363 

Olark 18,710 

Olay 16,875 

Clinton' 16,284 

Ci>lea 26,237 

Cook 349,970 

Crawford..  13.889 
Cumberl-d .  12,323 
DeKalb... 23,265 
Ue  Witt...  14,766 
Douglas...  13,484 

Adama 10,383 

Alien 43,494 

BaHbol'w  .21,133 

Benton 6,615 

Blackford  .  6,273 

Boone 22,693 

Brown 8,681 

Carroll 16,163 

Cass 24,193 

Clarke 24,770 

Clay 19,084 

Clinton 17,330 

Crawford..  9,861 
Davieii  ..16,747 
Dearborn.  .24,116 

Decatur 

DeKalb  .17,167 
Delaware.  .19,030 
DuboU 12,697 

.Adair 3,982 

Adanu 4,614 

.Ulamakee.  17,868 
Appanoose  .  16,468 
Audubon  ..  1,212 

Benton 22,464 

Bl'k  Hawk.21,706 

Boone 14,676 

Bremer  ...13,528 
Buchanan  .17,0.^4 
Buena  Vista.  1,685 

Butler 9,961 

Calkoan...  1,602 
Carroll ....  2,461 
CaH 6,464 


Henry 10,103 

HoutUm...  20,406 

Irwin 1,837 

Jaekwn  ...11,181 

Jasper 10,439 

Jefferion  ..13,193 
Johnson  . .  .  2,964 

Joneii 9,436 

Laurens  . .  .  7,834 

Lae 9,667 

Mberly  ...18,912 
Lincoln.  . ..  6,411 
Lowndes  . .  8,321 
Lumpkin  ..  6,161 

Macon 11.418 

Madison...  5,327 
Marion  ...  8, WO 
Mcintosh  .  .  4.485 


J." -irrlwet'r.  13,766 

Miller 8,091 

Milton 4,284 

MileheU  . .  6,633 
Monroe.... 17,313 
Montgum'y.  8,686 
Morgan  ...10,696 
Murray  . . .  6,600 
Muscogee.  .16,663 
Newton  . . .  14,615 
Oglethorpe.11,782 
Paulding  ..  7,689 
Pickens  . . .  6,317 

Pierce 2,778 

Pike 10,905 

Polk 7,833 

Pulaski  ..  11,040 
Putnam  ...10,461 


Quitraai 
Rabuu  . 


4,160 
3,266 
Ramlolph..  10.661 
Kuhmund  .36,137 

Schley 6,129 

Bcriver 9,175 

Hpaukling..  10,305 
Stewart  ...I4.3U4 

Sumter 16,669 

Talbot 11,613 

Taliaferro.  4,796 
Tatnail 


Taytor 

Telfair . 
Terrell . 
Thomas 
Towns  . 

Total 


4,860 
7.148 
8,245 
9,063 
17,168 
3,780 


Troup 
Twiggs. . . . 

Union 

I'pson 

Walker  ... 
Walton. . . . 

Ware 

Warren  . 
Washing'n 
Wayne. . . 
Webster.. 
While... 
AVhitfield  . 
Wilcox... 
Wilkes... 
Wilkinson 
Worth... 


ILLINOIS.- Area,  66,406  square  miles. 


J. 


17,633 

8,646 

5,267 

0,430 

9,W6 

li,03M 

3,886 

.10,546 

16,641 

2,177 

4,677 

.  4,606 

.10,117 

.  3,439 

.11,796 

.  9,387 

. .  3778 

194,089 


DuPage  ..16,685 

Edgar 21,460 

Edwards  . .  7,665 
Effingham.  .15,663 
Fayette  ...lt>,338 

Ford 9,103 

Franklin  ..12,662 

Fulton 38,293 

Gallatin  ...11,134 

Green 20,277 

Grundy  ...14,938 
Hamillon..  13,014 
Hancock  .  .34,461 

Hardin 5,113 

Henderson.  13,683 

Henry 36,607 

Iroquois  . .  .26,783 
Jackson  ...19,634 

Jasper 11,234 

Jeflerson  ..17,864 
Jersey 16,064 


Jo  Daviess. 37,810 
Johnvon  ,..11,248 

Kane 39,091 

Kankakee  .34,363 
KendaU  ...13,399 

Knox 39,623 

Lake 31,014 

La  Salle... 60,793 
Lawrence. .  13,633 

Lre 27,171 

Livingston.  3 1, 473 

Logan 28,063 

McDono'h  .36,611 
McHenry..23,763 
McUan  . .  .63,988 

Macon 20,633 

Macoupin  ..33,729 
Madison... 44.131 

Marion 30,632 

Marshall..  16,966 


Masion. 
Massac. . 
Menxrd  . 
Mercer. . 
Monroe 


16,184 
. .  9,681 
..11,735 
..18,769 

13,892 


Montgom'y.26,315 
Morgan  . .  .28,463 
Moultrie  ..10,385 

Ogle 27,493 

Peoria 47,640 

Perry 13,723 

Piatt 10,968 

Pike 30,768 

Pope 11,437 

Pulaski  . . .  8,762 
Putnam  . .  .66,;^0 
Pandolph.. 20,869 
Richland  ..13,803 
Hock  Island  39,783 
St.  Vlair... 61.069 


Total 
INDIANA.— Area.  33,809  square  xnilea. 

Elkhart  . .  .36,026    JeHeraon  .  .39,741     Noble 20,389 

Jennings  ..16,318 
Johnson  . . .  18,366 

Knox 31,559 

Kosciusko  .38,631 
LaGrange.14,148 

Lake 13,880 

La  Porte  .  .37,063 
Lawrence..  14,688 
Madison . .  .33,770 

Marion 66,345 

Marshall.. 20,211 
Martin.. ..11, 103 

Miami 21.063 

Monroe 14,168 

Montgom'y  .3?.  765 
Morgan  ...I7,j2» 
Newton  . . .  5,839 


SsHne 12,714 

Sangamon  .46.364 
Schuyler  ..17,410 

Scott 10,630 

Shelby  . . .  .26,475 

Stark 10,751 

Stephenson. 30,608 
I'atewell  ..27,903 

Union 16,618 

Vermilion.  .30.388 

Wabash 8.841 

Warren  ,.  23.174 
Washing'n.  17,699 
Wayne.  ...19,758 

White 16,846 

Whiteside  .27,606 

Will 43,013 

WiUiamson  17,329 
Winnebago  29,301 
Woodford  .18.966 
2,639,688 


Fayette  ...10,476 

Floyd 2S.S00 

Fountain  ..16,389 
Franklin  .  .20,223 

Fulton 13,726 

Gibson 17.371 

Grant 18,487 

Green 19,614 

Hamilton .  .20,883 
Hancock...  16, 123 
Harrison  ..19,913 
Hendricks  .30,277 

Henry 33,986 

Howard...  16,847 
Huntington  19,036 
Jackson  ...18,974 


Ohio 5,837 

Orange....  13,497 

Owen 16,137 

Parke 18,166 

Perry 14,801 

Pilie      .     .18  779 

Porter 13,942 

Posey 19,185 

Pulaski 7,802 

Putnam       .31,614 
RHndolph.  .22,862 

Ripley 20,977 

Rush 17.636 

St.  Joseph  .36.323 

Scott 7,873 

Shelby  . . .  .31,893 
Spencer  ...17,998 


Jasper 6,634 

Jay 15,000 

IOWA.— Area.  60,014  square  miles. 

Cedar 19.731    Dubuque  .  .38,969  Humboldt  .  2.898 

Emniett...  1,293  Ida 336 

Fayette  . .  .16,973  Iowa 16,642 

Floyd 10,768  Jackson  . .  .23,630 

Franklin  ..  4,738  Jasper 33,116 

Fremont... 11, 174  Jeflerson  ..17,839 

Greene 4,637  Johnson  . .  .34,898 

Orumly  . . .  6,398  Jones    19,731 

Guthrie  . . .  7,061  Kegkuk  . .  .19,434 

Hamilton  . .  6,065  Kossuth  . . .  8,361 

Hancock...     999  Lee 37,310 

Hardin... 13,686  Lynn 38,788 

Harrison  . .  8,931  Louisa 12,868 

Henry 21,460  Lucas 10,288 

Howard  ...  6,283  Lyon 31 


Stark 3,888 

Steuben...  13,864 
Sullivan..  .18,463 
Switzerland  12,134 
Tippecanoe  33,616 

Tipton 11,963 

Union 6,341 

Vanderb'g  33,146 
Vermilion  .10,840 

Vigo 33,649 

Wabash  . .  .21,306 
Warren  ...10,204 

Warwick 

Washing'n  18,496 

Wayne 34,048 

Wells 13,686 

White 10,664 

Whitley  . .  .14,399 


Cerro  Oor'o  4,722 
Cherokee..  1,967 
Chickasaw.  10, 180 

Clarke 8,735 

Clay 1,623 

Clayton  ...27,771 

Clinton 36,367 

Crawford..  2,630 

Dallas 12,019 

Davia 16,665 

Decatur  . . .  12,018 
Delaware..  17,433 
Des  Moines  27,268 
Dickinson  .  1,389 


Madison  . . . 
Mahaska  . . 
Marion . . . . 
Marshall  . . 

Mills 

Mitchell  ... 
Monona  . . . 

Monroe 

MoBtgom'y 
Muscatine  . 
O'Brien  . . . 
Osceola  . . . 


16,854 

3,6U6 

4,434 

17  076 

8,717 

,  9,683 

3,664 

12,724 

.6,934 

31,688 

,     715 


Page 
Pak>  Alto  . 


9,974 
1,336 
Plymouth. .  2,199 


CENSUS    OF    THE     UNITED    STATES. 


PoralMNitM.  1,444 

Polk 77, Mr 

Pottawat'e  16,8SiS 
Paweihlek.  15,081 
RiBKgold    .  5,603 


flan.'..'....'  1,411 

Sco(( SS,599 

Shelby 2,540 

8i«ax 576 

Story 11,651 


Tama  , 


Warren  ...IT.tm 
WMhinst'n  18.953 
Wayne  ...II. 287 
Webiter . .  .  10.484 
Winnebago   l.fifiil 


.16.131 

Taylor 6,989 

lirtiun 6,986 

Van  Buren. 17.673 
Wapello    .  .3*2.346 

KANSAS.— Area,  78.418  square  miles. 

Crawrurd..  8.160    JslTerion..  .13,526    Nemeba  ...  7,339 

Jewell 207    Neu 2 

Juhnion. . . .  13,684    Neonho ....  10,306 

Kiowa Norton 

Labette 9,973    Otrnge 7,648 

I.eavenw'rh32,444    Oibome ...        33 

Lincoln 516 

Linn 12,174 

Lyon 8,624 

768 
6,001 

738 


Winneiih(ek33,S70 
Woodbury.  6.263 

Worth 2,892 

Wright 2,392 

Total.. 1,191,803 


AlfeB T.02S 

Anderron  . .  5.220  Davis 3,993 

Atchiam . . .  15.507  I)iekin«on . .  3.043 

Barb'r  (w. Carley  Doniphan. .  18.969 

Burton S  Dmiglaa  . .  .20.604 

Boiirbon...l8,07S  Ellis 1,336 

Brown 6.834  Elbwortb. .  1,188 

Butler 8,038  Ford 

Chase 1,975  Franklin..  .10,885 

Cherokee..  11, 038  Graham Marion 

Clatke Greenwood.  8,484    Marshall, 

Clay 2,942  Gore McPherson 


Ckmd 2,323    Harp'r  (w.  Carley  Miami 11,725 

Coffee 6,301    Hodgeman Mitchell...      485 

Comanche Howard  . ..  .2,794  Montgom'y.  7,664 

Carley  ctal  1,175    Jackson.  .  .0^063  Morris 2,235 


nunh 

RuHseU....      1C« 

Saline 4,246 

Sedgwick..  1,522 
Shawnee  .  .13,121 

Smith 66 

Ottawa 2,127    StaObrd 

Pawnee...      179    Sumner 

Phillips Trego 166 

Pottawat'e.  7,848    W..baunsee  3,862 

Pratt Wallace...      538 

R    M) Washingt'n  4,081 

Uepublic. . .  1,281    WiUon 3,604 

Rice 5    Woodnon  ..  8.827 

R  iley 8,105    Wyandot . .  10,019 

Rorke Total....  363.873 


Adair 11,065 

Allen 10.296 

AnderMon . .  6,449 

Kalhrd 13,676 

Barren 17,780 

Bath 10,145 

Boone 10,696 

Bourbon...  14,863 

Boyd 8,673 

Boyle 9,615 

Bracken... 11, 409 
BreaCiitt  . .  6,673 
Breckin'ge.  13,440 
Ballit  ....  7.781 

Butler 0.404 

Caldwell...  10,826 
Calloway  . .  9,400 
Campbell.  .27,406 

Carroll 6,189 

Carter 7,608 

Casey 8,884 

Christian .  .28,227 
CUrk 10,883 


E£NTUCKY.~Area.  87,680  square  miles. 


Clay 

Clinton 

Crittenden. 
Ciimbrrl'd. 
Daviess. . . . 
Edmondson 

Elliott 

Estill 

Fayette 


8,207 
6,497 

0,381 
7,690 

20,714 
4,459 
4,433 
0.198 

20,666 


A.irenslon  ..11 .877 
Assumption  13.284 
.AToyeftes..l3,92« 
B.Roug.K.  17.817 
B.Roug.W  6,114 
BienTiUr  .  .10,639 

Bossier 12,678 

Caddo 21,714 

CalcHisleu..  6.7S3 
Caldwell  . 
Cameron  . 


Harrison  ..12,993 

Hart 13,687 

Hendenon.  18,467 

Henry 11.066 

Hickman  . .  8.463 
Hopkins...  13.827 
Jackson.. . .  4.647 
JelTerson  .118,963 
Jessamine  .  8,638 
John  Bell . .  8,731 
Johnson  . . .  7,494 

Kenton 36,096 

Knox 8,294 

La  Rue 8,236 

Laurel 6,016 

Lawrence  .  8,497 

Lee 8,055 

Letcher 4,608 

LewU 9,115 

Lincoln 10,947 

Livingston  .  8,200 

I.ogan 20,429 

Lyon 6,238 

Total '. 1,331,001 

LOXnSIANA.— Area,  41,255  sauare  miles. 


Fleming...  13,398 

Floyd 7,877 

Franklin... 16,300 

Fulton 6,161 

Gallatin  . . .  6.074 
Garrard...  10,376 

Grant 9,620 

Graves 19,308 

Grayson...  11, 680 
Greene . . 
Greenup. 
Hancock. 
Hardin . . 
Harlan 


9,370 
.11,463 
.  6,691 
.15,705 

4,418 


Madison  ...19,543 
MagofGn...  4,684 

Marion 12,838 

Marshall . .  9,465 

Mason 18,126 

McCrackcn  13,988 
McLean  . . .  7,614 

Meade 9,485 

Menifee  ...  1,986 

Mercer 13,144 

Metcair 7,934 

Monroe 9,231 

Montgom'y.  7,667 

Morgan 6,975 

Muhlenb'g.  12,638 

Nelson 14,804 

Nicholas...  9,129 

Ohio 16,661 

Oldham 9,027 

Owen 14,309 

Owilsy 8,889 

Pendleton  .14,030 
Perry 4,274 


Pike 9,862 

Powell 2,699 

Pulaski  ...17,670 
Robertson  .63,0('9 
Rock  Custki  7,145 

Rowan 2,991 

RusseU 6,809 

Scott 11,607 

Shelby 16,733 

Simpson...  0,673 
Spencer  . . .  8,966 

Taylor 8,226 

Todd 12,612 

Trigg 13,686 

Trimble  . . .  8.677 

Union 13,640 

Warren  . .  .21,743 
Washing'n.  13,464 
Wayne. . . .  10,602 
Webster...  10,987 
Whileley . .  8,278 

Wolfe 3,603 

Woodford  .  8,240 


PlaqueniinelO.663 
Pt.  Coupee.  12.981 
Rapides  ...18.018 
Richland  ..  8,110 
Sabine 6.456 


4,820 
1,691 


Androsc'n 
Aroostook 
Cumherl'd  82,020 
Franklin..  18,807 


.88,888 
29,609 


Carrdl... 10,110  Jackson  ...  7,646 

Catahoula  .  8,478  Jafferson  . .  17,767 

CIMborne .  .30,240  Lafayette . .  10,388 

Concordia  .  9,977  Lafourche  .14,719 

I>«  SotiK: .  .14,962  Livingston  .  4,028 

Pelici'na.E.  13,499  Madison S.  Bernard.  8,663 

Feliei'na,W10,498  Moorehouse  9,387  St.  Charles.  4,867 

Frankli 6,078  Natchitoch' 18,268  St.  Helena.  8.423 

Grant 4,5IV  Opclousas St.  James.  .10,163 

Iberia 9,042  Orleans  .  .19J, 425  8.J    ~     ~ 

Iberville . .  .12,347  Ouachita  .  .11,663  8.  Lauad-y.24,646 

MAINE.— Area,  81,766  square  miles. 

Hancock. .  .36,470  Lincoln 26.597  Piscataquis  14.403 

Kennebec.  .63.205  Oxford 83.488  Sagadahoc  .  18.803 

Knox 30,623  Penobscot  .74,691  Somerset  .  .34,611 


S.  Martin's.  9,370 
St.  Mary's  13,860 
St.  Tanim'y  8,68o 
Tangipaho.  7,928 

Tensas 12,421 

Ter.  Bonne.  12,461 

Union 11,6H 

Vermilion . .  4,828 
Washing'n.  8,330 

theB'p Winn 4,965 

Total 732,731 

Waldo  .  . .  .34.535 
Wanhing'n  43.343 
York 60,174 


Total 626,463 


AUeghanv  .38.836 
A  Arundel.24,46^ 
Ballimore.330,74t 

Calvert 9,868 

CaruUne... 12,101 


MARYLAND.— Area,  11,124  square  n  lies. 


Harford  ..  .22,608    Pr.  George.21,138    Talbot 16,187 

Howard  ...14,160    Qu'n  Anne.  16,083     Washing'n  34,713 

Kent 17,103    St.  Mary's  14,944     Wiromiro  .18  802 

Monteom'y.20,56a    Somerset .  .18,190    Worcester.  16,410 
Total 780,806 

MASSACHUSETTS.— Area,  '.  ,R0O  square  miles. 

Barnstable. 32,774    Uukes 8,787    Hxmpden.  .78,403    Nantucket.  4,123    SulTolk    .270,802 

Berkshire  .64,827    Essex 200,843    Hampshire.  44,388    Norfolk  ..  .81t,443    Worcester  192,716 

Bristol  ...  102,888    Franklin  .  .32,638    Middlesex.274,353    Plymouth.  .65,368      Total     1,457,361 


(Carroll   . .  .28,619 

Cecil 26,874 

Charles 15,738 

Dorchester.  19,468 
Frederick  .47,672 


6 

CENSUS    OP 

TOE 

UNITED    STATES. 

MICHIOAN.- 

-Area,  66,248 

•qvare 

snilei 

1. 

Alconit  . . . 

.     c-« 

Crawford. 

. 

Kalama<ao.8S,054 

Menomine*.  1.893 

Ostrgn .  .  . 

•      •  •  •  •  • 

AllRgan. . . 

.82,105 

Delta 

.  1,441 

Kalrosco  . 

.     424 

Michil'nao 

•    • "       • 

Ottawa.  . . 

.36.681 

Alpena . . . 

.  2,7M 

Eaton  .... 

.25,171 

Kent 

.80.403 

Midland   . 

.8.285 

Presq.  Isle 

.      855 

Antrim . . . 

.  1,98S 

Emniet . . . 

.  1,211 

Keweenaw 

.  4.20S 

Missaukee 

130 

Roscommon | 

Barry 

.22,190 

<iene«ee. . 

.33,900 

Lake 

.     648 

Monroe.  .. 

.37,483 

Saginaw.. 

.89.097 

Bay.'.... 

.16,900 

Gladwin  . 

Lapeer . . . 

.3I,3a 

Montcalm . 

.18,620 

81.  Clair  . 

.36.661 

Benzie  . . . 

.  3,184 

O'dTravo 

e  4,443 

Leelenaw. 

.  4.816 

Monlmor'y 

Sanilac . .  . 

.14.663 

Berrien   .. 

.»>,104 

Gratiot  .. 

.11,810 

Lenawee  . 

.46,696 

Muskegon 

14,804 

Schoolcraft    | 

Branch. . . 

.36,226 

Hillidale  . 

.31.684 

Livingston 

19,338 

Newaygo. 

,  7,298 

Shiawassee 

20.868 

Calhoun  . . 

.36,669 

Houghton. 

13.879 

Mackinaw 

.  1,718 

Nicosta.  . . 

.       ■   •    .          a 

St.  Joseph 

.26.276 
.13.714 

Cats 

.21,094 

Huron  . . . 

.  9,049 

Macomb  . . 

.27.016 

Oakland . . 

.40.867 

Tuscula  .  . 

Charlevoix 

.   1,724 

Ingham  . . 

.25.269 

Mani*ou  . . 

.     891 

Oceana . . . 

.  7,228 

Van  Burer 

1.38,828 

ChelMjygan 

.  2.196 

Ionia 

.27,6lil 

Manistee  . 

.  8,074 

Ogemaw.. 

12 

Washtenaw4 1.434   | 

Chippewa. 

.  1,689 

Iosco  

.  8,163 

Marquette 

.16,038 

Onlonagun 

.  9.845 

AVayno... 

119,03Ti 

Clare 

.      866 

Isabell . . . 

.  4,113 

Mason 

.  8,273 

Osceola... 

.  2.093 

Wessford. 

.      660 

Clinton . . . 

.22,845 

Jnckmin  .. 

.96.047 

Mecosta . . 

.  5,642 

Oscoda  .  .  . 

70 

Total..  1.184.286  1 

MINKESOTA^Area,  96,274 

square 

milea. 

Altkra  . . . 

18 

Cottonwoo(j 

.     634 

Kennebeo. 

.        93 

Otter  Tail 

Sibley... 

.  6.738 

Anolia.. . . 

.  3,n40 

Crow  Win 

a  uM 

Lake 

.     135 

Pembina  . 

64 

Stearns. . . 

.14,206 

Becker .  . . 

Bellmine  . 

.      SOS 
80 

Dakota  .. 
Dodge.... 

'.  8.598 

L.  qui  Par 
Le  Sueur. 

1.      145 
.11,607 

Pierce  . . . 

Steele.... 
Stevens. . . 

.  8,271 

Pine 

.     648 

Benton l,Cfi8 

Big  Stone   .        34 
Blue  Eartk.17,303 

Douglas ctcl  4679 
Faribault..  9.390 
Fillmore... 24.887 

McLrod  .. 
Manomin. 
Martin . . . 

.61.643 
■.13,867 

Pipe  Stone 
Polk 

Todd 

Toombs  . . 
Traverse  . 

Popeetal. 

.  2,878 

Breckinr'e 

Freeborn  . 

.10,683 

Meeker. .. 

.  6,090 

Bamsey  . . 

.33,081 

Wabasha w.  16.869  | 

Brown  . . . 

.  «,3t3 

Goodhue.. 

.22,618 

Mille  Lac. 

.  1,109 

Redwood  . 

.  1,829 

Wadina.. 

B 

Baehanan 

•  -   .    •  . 

Grant 

. 

Monongalia  3,161 

Renville.. 

Waseca  . . 

.  7.884   1 

Carlton... 

286 

Hennepin . 

.31,666 

Morrison  . 

.  1,899 

Rice 

.16,<)83 

Washing'n 

11.810 

Carrer . . . 

.11,687 

Honxton . . 

.11,661 

Mower  . . . 

.10.447 

Rock 

.  3.138 

Watonwan 

.  2,426 

Caa» 

.      184 

Isanti .... 

-      •                • 

Murray. . . 

.     209 

St.  Louis  . 

.11,561 

Wilkio  . . . 

.     296 

Chippewa. 

.  1.467 

Itasca.... 

.      178 

Nicollet . . 

.  8362 

Scott 

.11,042 

Winona  . . 

.28,318 

Chiiago  . . 

.  4^8 

Jackson  . . 

.  1,828 

Noble.... 

.     117 

Sherburne 

3,080 

Wright... 

.  9.487 

Clay 

.       92 

Kandiyohi 

.  1,760 

Olmsted  . . 

.19.793 

Tola 

1 

436,811 

MIS8ISSIPPI.- 

-Area. 

47,166 

square) 

miles. 

Adam* . . . 

.14.774 

Covington 

.  4,763 

Jefferson  . 

.13,848 

Monroe. . . 

.22,633 

Smith.... 

.  7,126 

Alcorn  . . . 

.10,431 

D«  Soto  . . 

Jones    . . . 

.  8,813 

Neshoba.. 

4     •  •  ■  ■  ■ 

Sunflower 

Amite.... 

Franklin  . 

.  7,498 

Kemper . . 



Newton  .. 

.9.807 

Tallnhat'e 

.  7.862 

AttaU  . . . 

Greene . . . 
Grenada.. 

.  2.038 
.10.671 

Lafayette 

Lauderdale  13,468 

Noxubeo  . 
Oktibbeha. 

.20,905 

Tippah . . . 
Tisbeming 

.20.727 

0 

BolWar... 

.  9,738 

Calhoun  . . 

.10,661 

Hancock  . 

.  4.239 

Lawrence. 

.  6,720 

Panola  . . . 

.12,413 

Tunica . . . 

.  5.368 

Carroll... 

.21.047 

Harrison  . 

.  6.795 

Leake 

. 

Perry 

.  2,694 

Warren  . . 

.26,766 

Chickaaaw 

.19,899 

Hinds.... 

.26.798 

Lee 

.16,965 

Pike 

.11,303 

Wa.shing'n 

.14.669 

Choctaw  . 

Holmes. . . 

.  i9.370 

Lincoln. . . 

.10.184 

Pontotoc  . 

Wayne .  . . 

.  4,206 

Claiborne. 

.13,386 

Issaquena. 

.  6.887 

Lowndes  . 

.30,602 

Prentiss  . . 

.  9,347 

Wilkinson 

Clark  .... 

.  7,605 

Itawamba 

.  7,818 

Madison . . 

.20,948 

Rankin . . . 

.12,977 

Winston   . 

.  8,984 

Coahoma  . 

.  7,144 

Jackson  . . 

.4.368 

Marion .  . . 

.  4,211 

Scott 

.  7.848 

Yalabusha 

.13.284 

Copiah . . . 

.20,608 

Jasper  . . . 
MISSOl 

.10,884 
)tat    

Marshall  . 

.29,418 

Simpson . . 

.  6,718 

Yazoo 

627.ii7 

JRI- 

Area,  t7,88Q 

aquara 

xniles 

. 

AdaJr.... 

.11,449 

Clay 

.16,664 

Iron 

.  6,m 

Montgom'y.10,405 

St.  Clair.. 

.  6.743 

Andrew  .. 

.16.137 

Clinton... 

.14,063 

Jackson  . . 

.66,041 

Morgan  .. 
N.  Madrid 

.8,43a 

St.  Francois  9.741   1 

.AtcbiMNl.. 

.  8.440 

Cole 

.10,292 

Jasper  . . . 
Jefferson  . 

.14,929 

.11,339 

Ste.  Gen've  8.384   1 

Audrain  . . 

.12.307 

Cooper  . . . 

.20,698 

.16.380 

Newton  .. 

.12,821 

St.  I^uis  . 

361,180 

Barry 

.10.373 

Crawford. 

.  7,983 

Johnson  . . 

.24.649 

Nodaway. 

.14.761 

Saline 

.21.672 

Barton  . . . 

.  6.087 

Dade 

.  8,683 

Knox 

.10.974 

Oregon . . . 

.  «,287 

Schuyler  . 

.  7.987 

Bates  .... 

.15.960 

Dallas.... 

.  8,383 

Laclede  .. 

.9.380 

Osage 

.10.793 

SroiUnd . . 

.10.676 

P  Benton  . . . 

.11.322 

DaTies.s. .. 

.14,410 

Lafayette. 

.22,623 

Osark... 

.  8.363 

Scott 

.  7.317 

Bollinger  . 

.  8.162 

De  Kalb. . 

.  9,868 

Lawrence 

.13,067 

Pemiscot . 

.  2.069 

Shannon.. 

.2.339 

Boone .... 

.20,765 

Dent 

.  6,357 

Lewis  . . . 

.16.114 

Perry 

.  9.877 

Shelby  . . 

.10.119 

Buchanan 

.30.360 

Douglas  .. 

.  8,915 

Lincoln. .. 

.14,073 

Pettis 

.18,706 

SttKldurd  . 

.  8.636 

Butler  . . . 

.  4.298 

Dunklin  . . 

.5.982 

Linn 

.16,900 

Phelpt... 

.10,606 

Stone 

. .  3.263 

Caldwell  . 

.11.390 

Franklin  . 

.80,098 

Liringston 

.16,041 

Pike 

.23,076 

Sullivan . 

.11.908 

Callaway . 

.19,203 

Gasconade 

.10,093 

Macon  . . 

.23,230 

Platte.... 

.17,330 

Taney. . . 

.4,407 

Cainden  . . 

.6.108 

Gentry  . . 

.11,607 

Madison . . 

.  6,849 

Polk 

.12,445 

Texas... 

.  9.618 

C.  Oirnrdul7.658 

Green  .. . 

.21,549 

Maries... 

.  5,915 

Pulaski  . . 

4,714 

Vernon. .. 

.11.246 

t^wroU . . 

.17,445 

Grundy  .. 

.10,667 

Marion. . . 

.22,604 

Pntaam  .. 

.11,217 

Warrei* . 

.  9.673 

Cam 

.19,296 

Harrison 

.14,635 

McDonald 

.  5.226 

Ralls 

.10,810 

Washingn.  11.719  | 

Carter  . . . 

.  1.465 

Henry. . . 

.17,401 

Mercer. .. 

.11,867 

Randolph . 

.16,908 

Wayne.. 
Webster. 

.  6.068 

Cedar   . . 

.  9.474 

Hickory  . 

.  6,463 

Miller  ... 

.  6,616 

Ray 

.18,700 

.10,414 

Chariton  . 

.19,135 

Holt .... 

.11,662 

Mississipp 



Reynolds  . 

.  3.768 

Worth... 

.5.004 

Chriilian 

.  6,707 

Howard  . 

.17,233 

Moniteau 

.11.335 

Ripley  . . . 
St.  Charlei 

.  8.175 

Wright. . 

.  6,684 

Clarii.... 

.13,667 

Howfll  . . 

.  4,218 

Monroe. . 

.17.149 

1.21.304 

Total..  1.711.798  1 

NBBRASKA.- 

-Ar«a«  70.995 

square 

inil3B. 

AdaflM . . 

13 

Bl  k  Bird. 

31 

Buffalo... 

.      193 

Burt 

.  3.847 

Butler... 

.  1.9Bf 

1 


CENSUS     OF    TnE    UNITED     STATES. 


Calhoun Ft  Rftwkll Knruej  ..       C8 

Cm 8.ISI    Fmnklin  . .        M    tsDOuter  .  7,07« 

Gage 47S    L'E.q.Con't     S61 


C«4ar l.On 

CiMymiie. .     190 

City M 

Coifam  ....  1,4?4 
Cuming  ...12,345 

Dakota 8,1)40 

Damon  ...      103 

Dixon I.S45 

Dodgs 4.«I9 

JDouglM...l»,«n 
FUlMore...     838 


Grant 4M    Llocdla. 

Green Lyon 

H»n 1, 087    MadiMn, 


Hamilton . 
Harrison  . 
Jacfcwn. . . 
Jelhrsun.. 
Jolinaon  . . 


130 

C31 

9 

9  446 

8,439 


Merrick . 
Monroe. . 
Nemaha . 
NucuUa  . 


IT 
78 
l.ISS 

687 
SM 

7,893 
8 


JtHKi Pawnee 


Otoe I3.S4A 


2,637 


Plarce lOS 

Platte 1,899 

Polk 138 

RIchardaon.  9,780 
Saline...    8, 108 

Sarpy 3,913 

Saundera . .  4,847 

Seward 2,993 

Shorier 

Ptanton  ...  1,837 
Taylor ....  197 
Waahtngt'n  4,453 


Wavne .... 

WeiMter  . . 

York 

Pawueei.R. 

Winnebago 

Terrify  (un- 
nrga  ■  iieU 
into  coun- 
tlei)inth<i 
N.W.p.r- 
tlon  of  tb;> 
tlUte 


0 

10 

604 

44 

84 


81.  Mary'* 

Waiihoe  . . .  8.091 
White  Pine  7,189 


NEVADA.— Ares,  112,090  ■gnftre  miles. 

Carton :....  Etmeralda.  1,553  Lyon  ....  1,837    PahUte...     763 

Churchill..      196  Humboldt  .  1.916  Kye 1,087    Roop 188 

Douglat...  1,315  Lander...  S,818  Ormjby  ...  3,668    Storey  ...  .11.858 

Bko 8,447    Lincoln «.32S  Totnl 42.481 

KEW-HAMFSHIBE.-Area,  9.280  square  miles. 

.17,681    Cheshire... 27,365    Grafton  ..  .30,103    Merrimark.42,151    StralTord  .  .30.948 

.17,338  •Cuot 14,938    Hilliboro  .  .64,338    nockingh'm47,398    Sullitan.    .18,058 

Total 818,800 

ITEW.JERSE7     Area.  8.320  square  miles. 

.14.093    (^umberl'd  31,665    Hunterdon. 36,963    UorrU 48,137    Somerset .  .23.510 

Mercer... 46,388     ' 

Middlesex 

Monmouth.  46.198 


■elknap 
Carroll. 


AttanMe 
Bergen 


.  .30.143 


BurTiqgton.53,e38 
Camden  . .  .46.038 
Cape  May  .  £,349 


Albany 

Allegany  .  .40.814 
Broome  ...44,107 
Cataraugus,43,909 
Cayuga  . .  .69,649 
Chalauqua.  69,328 
Chemung .  .36,381 
Chenango.  .40,683 
Clinton  . . .  .48,038 
Columbia.. 47,044 
Cortland. 
Delaware 


Essex....  143,818 
Gloucester  21,563 
Uudsun  .  .129,068 
Total 

NEW-YOBK. 

133,083    Dutcbeia  .  .74.404 

Erie 178,695 

Eaaex 39.043 

Franklin .  .30.271 
Fulton  ....27,064 
Genesee  . .  .31,608 

Greene 31,833 

Hamilton . .  3,960 
Herkimer 
Jefferson 
Kingi.. 


Ocean 13.6 

Passaic 48,416 

Salem 33.940 


Sussex.... 38, 168 
Union 41.868 


Warren  . 


-Area,  47.000  square  miles. 


84.348 
906,798 


28,174 
43.973 


.39.933 

.65.418 

.419.92S 


6,868 
8.697 


Alamance. 
Alexander 
Alleghany 

Anson 13,428 

Ashe 9.678 

Beaufort..  13,064 

Bertie 13,960 

Bladen 12,831 

Brunswick.  7,764 
Buncombe.  18,412 

Burke 9,777 

Cabarras..l  1,964 
Caldwell. . .  8.476 
Camden  . . .  S.861 
Carteret. . .  9.510 
Caswell  . .  .16,081 
Catawba  ..10,984 
Chatham..  19,733 
Cherokee . .  8,080 

Adama.... 20.750 

AUen 23,62$ 

Ashland  . .  .81,93$ 
Ashtabula  .32,818 
Athens.... 21.873 
AugUize  .  .20,040 
Bebiont... 39,715 

Bhiwn 30,803 

Butler 89,913 

CarroU....  14,491 
Champaign  34,188 
Clark 33,070 


Clay S.463 

Clevdand.  .12,696 
Columbus. .  8,474 

Craven 20,516 

Cumberl'd.  17,038 
Currituck  .  5,131 

Pane 3,738 

Davidson .  .17,258 

Davie 9,630 

Duplin...  15,543 
Edgecombe  33,970 
Forsyth  ...13.060 
FranUin..  14.134 

Gaston 13,603 

Gatet 7.734 

Granville .  .34.831 
Greene  . . .  8.687 


Lillington Pitt. 


Otaega 

Putnam  . . .  15,420 

Queens 73,804 

Rensselaer.  95,660 
Richmond  .83,029 
Rockland .  .36,213 
S.Lawrence84,835 
Saratoga  .  .51,529 
Bchenecta'y21,347 
Schoharie.  .33.340 
Bcbayler  .  .18,889 
Seneca 37.836 


Mitchell  .~. .  4.70B 
Montgom'y.  7,487 

Moore 12,040 

Nash 11.077 

N.ltanover.27.97S 
Northam'n.  14.749 
Onslow...  7,669 

Orange 17,807 

Pasquotank  8,131 
Perquim's  .  7,948 
Person 11,170 


67,717 
46,960 
34,646 


Steuben 
Suffdk . 
Sullivan 

Tioga 30,673 

Tompkina  .83,180 

Ulster 84,075 

Warren  . .  .33.691 
Washingt'n49.870 
Wayne.  ...47.711 
Wesk  w'r  iS2J28 
Wyoming  .29!l63 
Yatea 19.605 


Livingston  .38.310 
Madison  ..43,823 
Monroe...  117,867 
Montgom'y.34,457 
NewYork923,631 
Niagara . .  .80,430 
Oneida  . .  .110,009 
Onondaga.  104,144 

Ontario 45,108 

©range 80,901 

Orleans  ...37,689 

Lewis 28,700   Otwego 77,948 

Total 4.864,411 

KOBTH-CABOLtNA.— Area,  60,704  sq^iare  miles. 

11,874    Chowan  ...  6,450    Guilford.  .21,796    MeeUeng  .24,399    Rowan 16,811 

HalifaK  ..  .20,407 — 

Harnett . . .  8.89S 
Haywood . .  7,921 
Henderson.  7,706 
Hertford  . .  9.273 

Hyde 6.445 

liedell....  16,931 

Jackson 6,683 

Johnson...  14, 168 

Jones 5,1)03 

Lenoir  ....10,434 


.17.276 


Rutherfonl.  13,121 
Sampaon  .  .16,436 

Stanly ^315 

Stoke*  ...   '1,908 

Surry 11.353 

Transylv'a.  8,636 
Tyrrel....  4,173 

Union 13,318 

Wake 35,617 

Warren...  17.768 
Waahing'n.  6.516 
Watauga..  8.287 
Wayne... 18,144 
Wilkes...  15,539 


Lincoln. . . .  9.578    Polk 4,319 

Macon  ....  6.318    Randolph  . .  17,566 

Madison  ...  8.193    Richmond  .  13,883  Wilion  ....  13,388 

Martin 9,647    Robeson  ...  13,261  Yadkin. .  ..10.697 

McDowell  .  7,593    Bockingh'mlS.710  Yancey. ...  5.909 

TMal.: 1,066,505 

OHIO.- Area,  39,964  square  miles. 


Clermont .  .84,896 
Clinton... 31.918 
Columbi'na  38.399 
Coehocton.  .33.600 
Crawford.  36.556 
Cuyahoga.  132,013 

Darke 33,131 

Defiance...  15,719 
Delaware.  .85,178 

Erie 28.188 

Fairfield... 31, 139 
Payette  ...17.170 


Franklin  .  .63,019 
Fulton....  17,789 

Gallia 35,548 

Geauga  ...13,069 

Greene 28,053 

Guernsey .  .38,798 
Hamilton.  260,370 
Hancock... 33.847 
Hardin....  18,714 
Harrison  .  .18,683 

Henry 14,028 

Blghismd. 


.39,108 


Hocking. 

.17.925 

Hulmea. . 

.18.178 

Huron..  . 

.28.633 

Jackson  . 

.21,759 

Jefferson  . 

.29.188 

Kuox  . . . 

.26,333 

Lake. .    . 

.16.935 

Lawrence 

.31,380 

Licking  . . 

.36,123 

Logan  . . 

.23,038 

Loraine  . 

.30,308 

Lucaa... 

.46,783 

Madlion...  15,633 
Mahoning  .31,001 
Marion.. ..16,184 
Medina.... 20.092 

Meigs 31,465 

Mercer ....  17,264 
Miami  . . .  .33,740 
Monroe. . .  .35,780 
Montgom'y.63,897 
Morgan. . .  .20.363 
Morrow  . . .  18.683 
Muskingum44,88f 


8 


CENSUS    OP    THE    UNITED    STATES. 


Nnble 1«,9«ff 

Ottawa...  1S,U8 
Pauldinf . .  1,544 

Parry 18.488 

Pickaway  .M.>7S 
Pike U,44t 

Baker S,804 


Por(ag«  ...34,577 

Prebl* 3I,M9 

PutDam...  17,083 
RicbUnd  .  .83,8I« 

Roaa 37,097 

Bandiuky  .S0,8O4 


Scioto t9,80t 

Brneca. . .  .50,839 

Shelby 30,748 

Stark 53,508 

Summit  . .  .34,674 
Trannbiill 


TuMaraw'sS^.MO 

Villon IH.730 

Van  Wert.  15.SS4 

Vinton 18,037 

Wamn  . .  .M,OM 


Wuhlng'n  40,609 
Wavne  . .  .SS.On 
Wlllianu..  30,991 

Wood 34,896 

Wyandotte.  111,854 


OROGON.— Ixes,  ioa.606  aqtiare  mllea, 


totaJ a,0tt.3l4 


Columbia. .     8CS 

Kdntim 4.584    Curry 804 

Coua 1,644    Douglaa  ...  8,068 

('htrkamas.  5,993    Grant S,35I 

ClatMiy. . . .  1.354    Jackson  . . .  4.778 


JoMiphlae. .  1,304 

Lane 8,428 

Linn 8,717 

Marlon 9,068 

Multnomah  11,510 


tTntim X,S5S 

«,6W 


Polk 4,700 

TlUamook .     408   Wairo 

Vmpqua WaibitiK'n.  4,361 

VmatiUa  ..  t.918   Yam, Hill..  8.013 
Tola? 90.9M 


Adami 

AlleKbeny  363,373 
Armstrong  43,883 

Ueaver 80,150 

Kedford  . .  .39,638 

lierka 106,739 

lilair 88,051 

Bradford .  .68,304 

Bucks 64,848 

Uutler... 86,510 
Cambria...  36,660 
('amerun  . .  4,373 


Carbon. . 
Cealro. 

Bristol . 


Abberins. 
Anderson . 
Barnwell . 
Beaufort . 


PBirN8TIiVANIA.-Area,  46,000  aquaro  mUeii. 

80,815    Chester.  ...77,808    Franklin  .  .48,365    McKcan. ..  8,835    Sn^dr^ 
Fultoa....  9,300 

Greene 38.887 

Huntington  80,998 
Indiana  ..  .36,133 
itfTenoa  .  .31,658 

Juniata 17,800 

Lancaster.  131,340 
Lawrence.  .37,398 
Lebanon..  .84,098 

Lehigh 56,798 

Luxerno..  100,737 
Lycomiag  .47,639 
-•w-»  Total  . .  3  499  348 

IrHOSB  laLAiribV—Area^  1.306  i8qaara'  

9,421    Keat 18,59$  Nawport .  .30,080    PrOvlden'eMS.IOS    Washlng'n  90,097 

Total , 317,350 

SOUTH-OABOIjISI'A— Area,  28,885  Bqnare  miles. 

31,139    Clarendon OreeariHs  .30,018    Marion Richland  .  n.TST 

34,049    Colleton  ..44,014   Borrj 10,731    Marlboro  ..11,814    Spartanb-g.35,784 

Kershaw.. II, 754   "'     '  "    " 

Laaeuter.  13,087 

Lanrens . .  .32,538 


.  .28,144 

..81,404 


Clarion. . .  .36,960 
ClearAeld.  .35,740 
Clinton... 33,311 
Columbia.. 38,768 
Crawford. 63,794 
Cumberl'd. 43,919 
Dauphin... 60,738 
Delaware.  .89.403 

Elk 8,488 

Erie 66,979 

Fayette  . .  .43.384 
Forest 4,019 


Mercer.... 49.979 
Mifilin....  17,508 

Monroe 18,362 

Muntgom'y.81.772 
Montour...  15,324 
Northam'n  .61,433 
Northu>nd.41,44a 

Perry 38,488 

Phlladel-a.674,039 

Pike 8.438 

Potter 11.368 

BchuylkiU.  109,869 


.18,607 
.-set  .  .3^.828 
Mullivan.  .  6,191 
Susqueh'na  37,534 

Tioga 35,100 

Union 15.668 

Venango...  47,985 
Warren  . .  .38,897 
W^asbinga.  48,483 
Wayne... S8.lf8 
Weatmord.  88.730 
Wyoming  .14,588 
York 78,216 


36,841  Columbia. .  9,398 

4c,Slt  Darlingtoa.92,391 

Charleston. Edgefirld .  .42,488 

Chester  . .  .18,808  FairfleU 

Chestarfl'd OeorgetownllLIOl 

TENNSSaSE^ 

8,704  pa Kalb...  11,438 


Newberry  .17,983    Bitmter. .  ..35.268 

Ooonea 10,636    Union 19.248 

Orangeb'g Williams'g.  15,489 


.34,334 

. .  8.334 

4,870 


Lexington Plckeu....  10,263    York 12,448 

-Area,  48,600  aqtiav?  mlloa. 

Henderson.  14,219    Marion. ...  6.866  Sequatchie.  9,335 

Dickson  . . .  9,940  Henry 20,883    MarshalL . .  16,207    Sevier II  ,<Xia 

Dyer 13,708  Hickman . .  9,858    Maury  . . .  .36.288  Bhalby  . . .  .76,378 

Fayelt«  . .  .26,865  Humphrey .  9,328    Meigs 4,61 1    Smith 15,904 

Fentress...  4,717  Jackson  ..  .13.688    Monroe 12,589  Stewart ..  .12,019 

Franklin.. 14,970  Jafferson  .  .19.478    Montgom-y.24.7C8  SuUiran  ..  .13,136 

Gibson 25,679  Johnson  ...  8.8S3,  Morgan  ...  3,969  Bumnar  ..  .23,711 

0:ies 82,413  Knox 38,994    Obion 15,608    Tipton 14,884 

Grainger  .  .12,461  Lake 9,428    Orertoa  . .  .10,989    Union 7,605 

Greene 31,668  Lauderdale  10,838    Parry 6,928  Van  Buren.  9,725 

Grundy  ...  8,251  Lawrence..  7,60^  Polk 7,369  Warrwi . .  .17,715 

Hamilton .  .17,341  Lewis 1,987  Putnam  . . .  8,698  WasUng'n.  16,318 

Hancock...  7,148  Lincoln 38,051    Rhea 4.854  Wayne. .  ..10,209 

Hardeman.  17,769  MclVlinn..  .13,969.  Roana 16,623  Weakly  ..  .20,765 

Hardin 11,770  McNairy ..12,728    Robertson  .16,168    White 0,328 

Hawkins..  15,848  Macon 6,633    Rutherford.33,289  Williamson 38,353 

Haywood  .  .23,098  II ad isoa..  .23,550    Scott 4,064  VTibon  ..   .28,884 

Tot.:i , 1,267,983 

TEXAS.— Area,  237,604  Bquara  milea. 

.„_ Brown Coneho Fannin. RasltaH 

Anselino Buchanan......  Coek Fayette Hays 4,088 

Af^er Burleson Coryell Fort  Bend.  7,114  Henderson.,..., 

Atacosa Burnett Dallas Frecatona Hidalgo  ...  9,387 

Austin 15,087    Caldwell Davis Frio Hill,  , 7,463 

Bandera...     C49    Calhoun Dawson Galveston.  .15,290    Hood 

Bastrtip Cameron  ..10,099  Denton Gillespie Hopkins........ 

Bayler Cass Do  Witt ...  6,443    Goliad 8,628    Houston 

Bee Chambers  .  1,503  Dimiaitt..      866    Gonzales Hunt 

Bel) 1,083    Cherokee Duval Orayjon Jack 894 

Bexar Clay   Eastland Grimes Jackso     ...9,378 

BexarDis Coleman  .,  .....  Edwards Guadalupe Jasper  ....  4,9ia 

Blanco Callahan Ellis 7,614    Hamilton Jefl^rsun  ..  1,806 

Bowia. .....■•«    CeUia £1  Paso Hardemaa.   Johnson...  .. ... 

Bosqna Colorado  ..  8,328  Ensinal Hardin I,4C0    Jonet 

Brazoria  ..  ^,628    Comal 8,283  Erath Harris 17,373    Karnes 

Brazos Comanche Falh Harrison KaofnuUl  .  .,.., 


Anderson 
Bedford . 
Benton . . 
Bledsoe. . 

Blount 141237 

Bradky...Il,669 
Campbell..  7,448 

Cannon 10,609 

CajroU....  19,447 

Carter 7,909 

Cheatham  .  6,678 
Claibarne..  9,321 

CtMska 13,468 

Coflfea 10,237 

Cumberl'd.  8,461 
Davidson .  .62,898 
Daoatur  . . .  7,776 


Anderson. 


CENSUS     OP    THE     UNITED     STATES. 


9 


KcimUU...  l.Ua  Mum OruRi. . ..  1,US  SlMckU/ori Vicloria... 

K*rr I.M3  MaUswrda. Palo  Pioto BbclHr Walkir.  . . 

KlmboU...       n  MkTerick.     PanoU Cmitli WMkiain. 

KiMMr    MoCuUoch P»ri«r Starr Wabk 

Knox Malicnnan.   

Laraar MeMulko  .      SM 

Lampaaaa  .   1,344  Medina. ...  t,07S 


o.n« 


Laiahe 69 

LavacM. . .  O.ICt 

Loom. 

Liberty  ...  4,413 

LtmMl«ni« 

LW«  Oak  . .      Mi 

Llano 1,373 

MadUoa 

Marion.. 


Mf 


Mcnura 

Milan 

Montagua . 
Montmar'T. 
Naeocdoc  a 
NaTarro. ..  i,B7fl 
Newton 
Nuecaa. 


890 
«,48S 


s.isr 

4,103 


Polk 8,70r  Stevsnt Wharton  ..  S,43tf 

Preaiilio Tarrant  ...  5,7n  Wichita 

Red  River Taylor VilbarRer 

Bsfngio  ...  8.334  Tkrockn'a   WiUiamioa 

Bobcrtiion Tttua Wilion 

RunnelU TratU Wl«a 1,48J 

Bulk Trinity Wood 

Sabina Tylar    «,01O  Younf 

B.Aninit'a Vpihnr Y"g  Ter'y 

B.Patrielo.      60S  VimUin Zapata 1,4C3 

•aaSaba VanZandL Zaralla 


VZnElMONT.— Area,  10,319  aqaww  xnlles. 

Addlton  ...S3,4S4    Chittenden. 36,480    Grand  Iilo.  4,083    Uriuant  ...S1,03S    Windham 

BenninKtou  1:1,025    Euex Lamoille...  12,448    KuUand WiiuUur 

Caladonia  .  Franklin Orange Waabingt'a 

VlRQINIA  — Area,  88,362  squarj  inilea. 

Aoomnark  .30,409    Cralf 2,043  Highland  . .  4,161  Nebon  . ..  .13,srB  Roannk-i. . .  9,380 

Culpeper  . .  12,2£7  lalj  of  Wig't8.330  New  Kent .  4,381  Rookbrklgn  I6,0C3 

Cnmberl'd.  8,143  Jackson Nicholas RutieU 11,103 

Sinwiddio.  30,703  JaniM  City.  4.425  Norfolk  ..  .46,703  Scott 8,9:7 

Doddridgt Jefferson Northamt'n.  8,048 

EUsab'k  Cy  8,303  Kanawha Northum'd.  6,863 


Albemarle  .27,M4 
AUxaBdria.l6,7SA 
AUegbany  .  8.674 
Amelia...  C,878 
Amhenit...I4.!>00 
Appmnattox  8,9£0 
Aueufta... 28,763 


Kg  &  U'n.  0,709 
K-gWiil-m  7,898 


9,301 


Nottoway, 

Ohio 

Orange 10,896 

Page 8,469 

Patrick.... 10,161 


Essex 0,937  K'g  Genrga 

Fairfax...  13,9«3  ■        

n  arbour Fauquier  .  .19,690 

Bath 8,79S    Fayetta Lancaster  .  8,88S 

Bedford  ..  .26^7    Floyd 0.834  Lea 13,36S 

Berkeley FluTanna..  8,97S  Lewis Pendlrtnn 

Boona Franklin  .  .18,364  Logan Pittsylva'a.Sl,843 

Bland 4,000  Frederic':  .16,596  Loudon 30,939   PleasanU 

Botetourt.  .11,333    Gilmer Louisa 16,839   Pocahontat. 

Braxton Giles 5,659  Lnnenberg.  10,409   Powhatan  .  7,667 

Brooke Oloueester.  10,311  Madison Preston Warwick. 

Brunswick.  13,427  Goochland  .10,313  Marshall Pr.  Edw'd.  13,004    Warren 

Buchanan  .  8,777  Grayson ...  9,587  Marion.... Pr.  Ocorga 

Bucking'ni.13,371    Oreenbrier    Mason A- Pr- Will'm.  7,504 

Cabell OreenTillo  .  6,363  Matthews. .  6,200  '  Pr.  Anne . .  8,S73 


Calhoun. 
Campbell.  .98,884 
Caroline...  15,138 
Carroll ....  9,147 

Clay 

Charles  Cy  4,978 
Charlotte.. 14,513 
Chesterfield  18,470 
Clarka C,G70 


8benanduiihI4,03a 

Smyth 8,838 

Southam'n.  12.385 
SpotiiyWa'a  11,738 
Stanbrd...  6.420 
Sussex....  7,888 

Surry 6,685 

Taylor 

Tazewell .  .10,791 

Tucker 

Tyhr 

llpshur 

1,673 

6,716 

WashiDet'nl6,816 

Wayne 

Webster 

Westmor'd.  7,683 


Greene 4,634  McDowell .  1,300  Pulaski  . .    6,63S 

Halifax Meckleub-g91,9ia  Putnam Wctrel. 

Hampshire   Mereer Raleigh... Wood 

Hancock Middlesex  .  4.981  Randolph Wirt 

Hardy Montgom-y.IS,55«  Rappab    k.  8,2C1    Wise 4,785 

HanoTer. ..16,458  Monongalin  .....  Richmond  .  6,S03    Wyoming 

Harrison Monroe Bocklngh'm33,668  Wytha  ..  ..11,611 

Henrico... 68, 179  Morgan Ritchie York 7,108 

Henrr 13,303  Nansemon.1 11,676  Roane Total..  1,234.880 


o,U70    Hennr 12,303   Nansemoni  11,676   Hoane Tot 

WEST-VIBQIKIAA-Area,  23,000  squa^re  miles. 

.13,958    Grant 4,468    Logan 5,124    Ohio 28,831    Taylor 

McDowell .  1.963    ~ ~ 


llarbonr 

Berkeley..  14,MI0  Greanbrier.  15,311 

Boon* 4,503  Hampshire.  7,643 

Braxton. . .  6.841  Hancock. . .  4,363 

Brooke....  5,464  Hardy 6,518 

CabeU 6,439  Harrison  .  .17,599 


Pendleton  .  6,455 
Pleasants . .  S,013 
Pocahontas.  4,070 


Calhoun...  2,939 

CTay 2,196 

Doddridge .  7,076 


Fayette. 
Gilmore 

Adams  . , 
Ashland 


Marion 12,107 

Marshall..  14,941 
Mason....  16,978 
Mercer. . ..  7,064 
Mineral  . . .  6,349 
Monongalia  1 3,547 
Monroe.... 11,134 

Morgan  . . .  4,315  Ronna 7,233 

~    .....v„,„. . . .  ^^-   Nicholaa. . .  4,488  Total 

WISCONSIN.— Area,  53,924  square  miles. 

C,60t    Columbia.  .28,813    Oreen 23,611    Manitowoc. 83,864    Poring* 

221    Craw  ford..  13,076   OreenLakel3,195    "'  ~ 


..  6,647 

4,838 


Jackson  ...10.300 
Jefferson  ..13,220 
Kanawha.  .33,360 

Lewia 10,176 

Lincoln 8,0SS 


Preston 
Putnam  .. 
Raleigh.. 
Randikph. 
Ritchie. 


14,664 
.  7,794 
.  8.578 
.  5,663 

9,085 


Tucker. . 
Tyler  ... 
Upshur. . 
Wayne. . 
Webster. 
Wetiel.. 

Wirt 4,605 

Wood 19,000 

Wyoming. .  3,171 


9,387 

1,907 
7,833 
8,038 
7,883 
i,7S0 
8,896 


Total 445,616 


BadAx Dallas Iowa 34.544 


Barron. 
Bayfield , 
Brown . . 
BhUUo.  . 
Burnett  . 
Calumet. 


538 
..  344 
.  .25,166 
..11,133 
..  706 
.13,334 


Chippewa..  8.345 
CUrk 8,460 


Dane 83,096 

Dodge..... 47,039 

Door 4,92* 

Douglas  ...  1,123 

Dunn 9,489 

Eau  Claire.10,770 
Fondd'Lac46,273 
Grant 37,978 


Jackson  ...  7,' 
Jefferson  .  .84,049 

Juneau 12,379 

Kenosha... 13,147 
Kewaunee.  10,128 
La  Crosse.  .20,398 
La  Payette. 33,659 


Marathon..  5,888 
Marquette  .  8,056 
Milwaukee.89,941 

Monroe 16,651 

Oconto 8,321 

Outagamie.  18,430 
Osaukee...  15,568 

Fepin 4,661 

Pierce 9,969 


LaPoints Polk 8,433 


10,69S 

Racine 35,740 

Richland  ..15,733 

Rock 89.034 

St.  Croix.. 11,066 

Sank 33,860 

Shawanaw.  8,166 
Sheboygan.  31 ,749 
Trempelean  16,733 
Vernon.  ...I8,C48 
Walworth  .35,971 


10 


CENSUS    OP    TH3     UlJITED    ST  ATI  S. 


WuhiBK'n.24,S30    Wkapacca.l5,64ff    Wauihara  .11,379    Winnebago 37,280    Wood S.9I9 

WaukMha. 2S,8S3  Tolai ..1.6S8,ia7 

DI3TBICT  OF  GOIjUMBIA.— Area,  60  square  sniles. 

Ooor3st>wnll,3U    WaaUin'a.lM,3U4    Bal.  Diit  .  .11.117  ToM 131700 


Muhavo  ... 

Arapahoe.. 

Beat 

B  uMer  . . . 
Clear  Creek 
Oon^oa 

Bon  Bomme 
Brookings  . 

BunUo 

Cbu.  Mix . 


TERRITORIES. 

ABIZOirA.-Area.  113,916  Bqnare  milesl'     ^-i^^^- 


9.6S8 


A<la 

Alturaa 

Beaver  H'd 
Bir  Horn. . 
Cbuuteatt. . 


593 
1,939 
I,S96 
S,604 

608 
163 
246 
163 

2,675 
C83 


3,888 
AM 

XB8 
1,478 

9i»,7U« 


Arizona  . . . 
Bernalillo. . 
Colfax, 

Beaver 

Box  Elder. 

Cache 

Cedar 

Davit 


173      Pima 8,718    Yavapai  ...  2.142    Yuma l,6-^l       ToUt 

COLORADO. -Area,  104,600  Bouare  sniles. 

C,829    Coitilla 1,779    Gilpin     ...6,490    Lake 623    PaeMa . . 

Douglas...  1,383    Greenwood.      610    Larimer...      838    Sngnache 
£IPuo...      987    Huerfano. .  9,260    Las  Animaa  4,276    Summit. 

Fr«mont...  1,064    JefferKm  ..  2,890    Park 447    Weld.... 

Total _ 

DAKOTA.— Area,  160,832  sqiiare  miles. 

Clay 3,621  Lineoln. ...      712    Todd 837    TTnorganlzed 

Douel 87  Minnehaha.      865    Vnlon 8,607       portion  uf 

Hutcbiason.       37  Pembina  ..  1,318    Yankton...  3,097       Territty  .  2,091 

Jnyno 6  Total 14,181 

IDAHO.— Area.  86,284  square  miles.  ' 

Boise 8,833    Lemhi 980    Oneida 1,932    Shoshone..      738 

_    Idaho 849    Ner  Percea   r607    Ovr;hee  ...  1,713      Total 14,998 

MONTANA.— Area,  143,776  square  miles. 

722    Dawson...      177    Gallatin  ...  1,679    l^wis  &Cl'k6,041    Mengher  ..  1,387 

88    D«cr  Lodgo  4,364   Jefcraoa .  .  1,631    Madiaon. . .  2,684    Misaoala . . .  2,664 

CI7  Total 20,694 

NEW-HEXIOO.— Area,  121.201  square  miles. 

...     DunaAna..  6,8e4    Mora 8,066    Santa  Fo  ..  9,699    Taos 12,079 

Grant 1,148    Rio  Arriba.  9,294    San  Miguel  16,06tt    Valencia.. .  9,098 

Lincoln. ...  1,740    Santa  Ana.  3,699    Socorro 8,603      Total 91,789 

UTAH.— Area,  84,476  square  miles. 

G't8'tLakel8,337  Millard 3,763  Sampelo. ..  6,786    Utah 13,308 

GreenRiv'r Morgan  ...  1,972  Shambip Wasatch  ..  1,344 

Iron S,369  P>uie Senir 19  Washingn.  3,064 

Juab S,038  Rich 1,968  Summit  . . .  3,613  Weber  ....  7,868 

Kane 1,613  ^Virgin.      460  Tooele 3,177      Total 86,788 


7.609 
1,993 

2,007 
4,812 
8,273 


4.469 


Chehalit , . . 
Clallam. . . . 
Clarke  . . . . 

Cowlitz 

laland 


WA8HINaTON.--Area,  69,804  square  miles. 


Mason 

Parilio 738 

Pierce 1,409 


Albany . , . 


401  Jefferson  ..  1,2C8 

408  King.     ...8,120 

8,081  Kitsap 866 

730  Klikitat  ...      829 

S26  Lewis 888 

WYOMING.— Area,  87,883 

2,021  Carbon 1,368    Laramie.  ..  3,967 


SuwamUh  .     899    Waila  W'!a  6.300 

Stevens 734    Whatcom..     684 

Thurston  . .  3,246    Yakima  . . .      432 
Spokane.......    Wahkiak'm     ?70    TheDis.Il'i     624 

Skamania         133  ToUl 23,901 

square  miles. 

Sweetwater  <,916    Uaitah 868 


Total 9.118 


«^ 


Cities  Haying  over  Ten  Tliousand  Inhabitants. 

Census  of  1870, 


N.Tork.N.T.9>8,S41 
PMU<I'«.P«.  Iit667,277 
Pbaad'a.Pa.3d.  674,022 
Bnokl'n.N.Y.  .396.300 
St.  Uuia,  Mo.  310,864 
Chicago,  lU  . .  .298,983 
Baltimore,  Md. 267,304 
Bottoa,  Mass .  .260,636 
Cincinnati,  O.  .216,339 
N.  Orleans,  La.191,333 
8.  Franco, Cal.149,483 
Buflblo,  N.Y..117,71<i 
Waahin'n.D.C.  109,204 
Newark,  N. J..  106,078 
Louisville,  Ky  .lU0,7i>4 
CleveUnd,  O  . .  .93,840 
PUtkburg,  Pa. .  86,238 
iJcweyC'y,N.J.. 81.744 


Detroit.  Mich... 
Milwaukee,  WU 
Albany,  N.Y... 
Providence,  R.  I. 
Rochester,  N.  Y. 
Allegheny.  P«  . . 
Richmond,  Va . . 
N.  Haven,  Ct.... 
Charleston.  S.  C. 

Troy,  N.Y 

8yr«cuse,  N.  Y . 
Worcei«ter,MaBa. 
Lowell,  Mass  . . . 
Memphis.  T'snn. 
CMniurid'e.Masa. 
Hartford,  Ct . . . 
lndiana|iolis,lnd 
Scrantuii,  Pa  ., 


79,680  Reading,  Pa... 88,932 

71,499  Columbus,  O  . .  .83,746 

60,422  Pateraoa.N.  J.. 83,688 

68,906  Dayton,  O 83,679 

63,818  Kansas  C'y,  Mo. 83,360 

£3,181  Moblk.  Ab 88,184 

61 ,038  Portland.  Me  ...  81 ,414 

60,840  Wilt.<ilngton,DeL8i),841 

,48,966  Lawrence,  Maa8.88,931 

46,481  Utica,  N.  Y . . .  .38,804 

43,068  Toledo,  0 38,646 

.41,108  Cbarleat'B,  Maas.38,388 

40,988  Lynn,  Mas'^  . . .  .38,338 

40,236  Fall  River,  Mass36,786 

.89,634  Springfletd,Mass36,703 

37.180  NaativUle.Teuii.  36,873 

89,668  Peoria,  III 36,787 

36,098  Covington.  Ky.. 84.608 


Salem,  Mass. . .  .34,117 

quincy,  HI 34,088 

MaBchMteT,N.H38.8a6 
Harrisbura,  Pa. 23,109 
Trenton,  N.J  ..23,874 
Evanaville.  Ind  .33.830 
N.Bedford.Mass  81,830 
Oswego.  N.  Y  .  .30,910 
Elizabeth.  N.  J  .30,888 
Lancaster,  Pa  .  .30,283 
Savannah,  Oa  .  .20,233 
P'(bk«epsie,N.  YS0,080 
CaiDden,  N.  J  .  .30,046 
Davenport,  la  .  .30,043 
St.  Paul,  Mina  .30,081 

Erie,  Pa    19,646 

Wheeling,  W.V.  19,382 
Norfolk.  Va....  19,268 


CENSUS   OF    THE    UNITED   STATES. 


II 


Ta«attin,MaM..18.<2» 
CbalM«,Mjkw..  18,647 
Daboqae,  U  ...18,4M 
LeftTeii«r'tli,Kanl7,849 
Ft  Wayne,  Ind.  17,7 S8 
SpringaeU,  lU..  17,365 


AnVani.N.  T..17.9S8 
Nfwbur«,N.Y..I7,OI4 
Anai)U.13a....l6,«8S 

Norwich,  Ct 16,663 

Sacramento,  C«l.  16,464 
Oiraha,  Neb....  16,083 


CImlra.N.Y...  16,863 
Uetcvi'rt.N.Y.  16,468 
Olottcerter.  MaM.  16,887 
C'oho*-  N.  Y...16.S67 
N.BruMwlt.Me.^.oeS 
N.  Albany,  .'nd.  14,378 


Rudmn,  N.  Y..14,188 
Newburj't.Mau  13,696 
Bingham'n,N.Y.18,86a 
ConcoH.N.H.  13,341 
iichenec'y,  N.  Y.  11,036 
Ogdensb'e,  N.Y.10,076 


Censas  of  the  United  State»~1870e    Bj  States. 


Alabama . . 

•    996|9Ql 

ArkMuaa. .. 

.    4yB3.17» 

Califomia  . 

.    660,388 

Conoectient 

.    637,418 

Dabware. . 

.    136,016 

Pk»ri*i. .. . 

..    187,766 

Georria  ... 

.  .1,300,609 

Illinma..., 

..3.630,688 

Indiana  ... 

..1,673,046 

Iowa 

..1,191.803 

Kansaa.... 

..    at63,873 

Kentucky  . 

.£,331 ,001 

Louiiiana  . 

,    732.731 

Blaiae 

..   636,463 

Maryland...  980,8M 
MaiaacltiiMtUi  ,467,361 
Miebigaa....l,lS4,39« 
Miumota...  436,611 
MikiiMippi...    834,170 

Minonri 1,716,000 

Nefaraaka....    133,000 

Nevada 43,491 

N.Hamptbire  818,300 
NewJcraey..  906,794 
New  -  York ..  .4,364.411 
N.  Carolina..  1,069,614 

Obio 3,669,314 

Oregon 80,933 


PenMyhsnia.3,618,993 
Rhode  hland.  317,368 
S.  Carolina . .  728,000 
Tenneaaee  ...1,387,988 

Texas 797,600 

Vermont 830,663 

Virginia.....  1.834.830 

Weat-Virginia  446,616 

Wiaoonain . .  .1,066,167 

Tut'l  States  38,093,741 

TERRITORIES. 

Dis.  Columbia  131,706 
Arizona ....         9,668 


Colorado 89,706 

Dakota 14,181 

Idaho 14,998 

Montana ....  S0,S94 

New-Mexico.  91,863 

Utah 86,786 

Washington. .  33,901 

Wyoming  ...  9,118 
Total  Territu- 

ries 443,600 

Total   United 

Slates 38.6.%S.341 

..Tytal 38,977,741 


Aggregate  Past,  Present,  and  Prospective  Population    of 
i  "^^  the  United  States. 


Vbar. 

1780 .*.  r. 3,070,000 

?790 -m'.. 3,929,214 

V800. . . .'. v;,".^. . .. ......  5008,483 

ilSlO «:««V« 7,239,881 

1820 .1'. 91658,453 

1830 12,866,020 

»840 17,069,453 

1850 33,191,876 

1860 3»i443»32i 

1870  ....... . .  *|w.*'^ . •  *3®'977t74i 


YEAR. 

1875 44,060,000  (estim.ited) 

1876.. ,  ....45,316,000  ** 

1877 46,624,000  " 

1878 47,983,000  '* 

1879 49.395,000  " 

1880 .50,838^000  " 


Notes  from  the  Census  of  the  United  States,  1870. 

Native-born  population.... ^. 32,991,142 

Foreign-born*      "  . . . . ; 5,567,229 

Total  whit^^  ^v •  v*    •   n    •?••»••• 33i589i377 

Colored   '^ii  ,;  m'!  I    ..     r;?;  .;..;;*-»* 4,880,009 

Totel  iiHtaibef  of-faihilleaf  (average  5.09  persons  each) 7*579,363 

*"      ;  *^    "  ^*  dwellings  (5.47  persons  to  each) j^o^^^S^i^ 

"         '^'        '^  deaths  annually  (1.28  per  cent) 492,263 

**        **       "  births  annually 1,100,475 


•  Ifirnh',  1,855,287. 
others,  i,a55»8os. 


German,   1,690,410.      British;   '/65,o27.      All 


z 

o 

z 

X 
■Ji 

< 


b] 


Ed 


THE    CAPITOL    OF    THE    UNITED   STATES.    13 


THE  CAPITOL  OP  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


The  corner-stone  of  the  Capitol  was  laid  by  the  ilhistrious 
Washington,  on  the  18th  day  of  September,  1793.  The 
building  was  opened  for  the  meeting  of  Congress  November 
17th,  ITOO.  Enlargement  and  new  dome  completed  in  1867. 
The  edifice  fronts  the  east,  is  751  feet  long,  348  feet  wide, 
and  covers  3}^  acres  ;  courtyards,  3)^  acres ;  in  all  7  acres. 
The  predom-inant  material  of  the  exterior  is  white  marble. 
The  dome  is  of  cast-iron,  1S5J4  feet  in  largest  diameter,  and 
2873*^  feet  high,  surmountea  by  a  statue  of  Liberty  19X  feet 
high.  The  interior  of  the  dome  forms  a  remarkable  circular 
chamber,  or  rotunda,  96  feet  in  diameter,  180  feet  high.  One 
thousand  gas  jets,  flashed  by  electricity,  illuminate  the  in- 
terior by  night.  .  The  walls  01  the  rotunda  are  adorned  with 
historical  paintings  by  eminent  artists.  The  Senate  Cham- 
ber, House  of  Representatives,  Supreme  Court  Rooms,  and 
othe:r  apartments  are  splendidly  decorated.  The  halls  are 
lined  with  polished  marbles  from  every  State  in  the  Union. 
Frescoes,  paintings,  and  sculptures  abound.  The  front 
porticoes  are  supported  by  one  hundred  Corinthian  columns 
of  white  marble.  The  cost  of  the  Capitol  building  was 
thirteen  millions  of  dollars.  It  majr  be  justly  styled  the 
Palace  of  Laws,  for  within  its  precincts  the  statutes  of  the 
nation  are  enacted  and  expounded.  Here  are  framed  the 
patent  laws  and  kindred  ordinances  for  the  encouragement 
of  authors  and  inventors. 


THE  UNITED  STATES. 

The  greatest  length  from  East  to  West  is  2800  miles  ; 
greatest  breadth  Noirthto  South,  1600  miles  ;  average  breadth, 
1200  miles.     Total  area,   3,026,494  square  miles;    area  of 
Alaska  additional,  577,390  square  miles.     The  shores  of  the 
Atlantic  are  for  the  most  part  low,  those  of  the  Pacific  rockv. 
The  length  of  the  Atlantic  coast  line  is  2349  miles  ;    Gulf, 
1556 ;  Pacific,  1810,  itidentadons  not  included.     Shore  lines 
of  the  great .  lakes,  ^50   miles.      Number  of   States,   38.1 
Length  of  the  Mississippi  River,  2900  miles;  Missouri,  3000; 
milJes.    Length,  of  steam  navigation,  Mississippi  River  and 
branches,  7100 miles;  ditto  Missouri  River,  3000 miles;  ditto i 
Ohio  Rfver,  3Mi2  miles;  ditto  Red  River,  3630  miles.    Ap-; 
proximate  total  length  of  railways  in  operation  in  United  i 
States,  1877,  80,000  miles.    Approximate  total  length  of  tele-! 
graph  lines,  90,000  miles.  I 


HOW    MUCH   IS   A    PATENT    WORTH. 


15 


THE  PATEIsTT  LAWS. 


WITH   DIRECTIONS  AND   COSTS   FOR  OBTAINING  PATENTS, 

CAVEATS,  TRADE-MARKS,  COPYRIGHTS,  ETC.,  WITH 

ABSTRACTS  FROM   OFFICIAL  RULES. 


In  the  practical  av)plication  of  new  and  useful  improve- 
ments, America  leads  the  world ;  according  to  an  estimate 
made  by  the  Commissioner  of  Patents,  from  six  to  seven 
eighths  of  the  entire  manufacturing  capital  of  the  United 
States,  or  upward  of  six  thousand  millions  of  dollars,  prob- 
ably, is  based  upon  patents,  either  directly  or  indirectly.  A 
very  large  proportion  of  all  patents  prove  remunerative  ; 
which  is  the  reason  why  so  many  are  applied  for,  and  so 
many  millions  of  capital  invested  in  their  working.  "But 
all  patents,"  says  an  able  n'riter,  "are  not  productive; 
neither  are  all  farms ;  all  men  are  not  rich ;  all  mines  are 
not  bonanzas.  ^ 

"  There  is  scarcely  an  article  of  human  convenience  or 
necessity  in  the  market  to-day,  that  has  not  at  some  time  or 
other  been  the  subject  of  a  patent,  either  in  whole  or  in  part. 
The  sale  of  every  such  article  yields  the  inventor  a  profit. 
If  we  purchase  a  box  of  paper  collars,  a  portion  of  the  price 
goes  to  the  inventor ;  if  we  buy  a  sewing-machine,  the 
chances  are  that  we  pay  a  royalty  to  as  many  as  a  dozen  or 
fifteen  inventors  at  once.  Indeed,  the  field  is  so  vast  and  the 
number  of  profitable  patents  so  great  that  it  would  be  far 
preferable  to  undertake  a  recapitulation  of  those  patents 
which  are  not  profitable  than  those  which  are," 


HOW  MUCH  IS  A  PATENT  WORTH  ? 

rim  an  official  report,  a  chief  examiner  of  the  Patent  Oflfice 
sayS:  "A  patent,  if  it  is  worth  any  thing,  when  properly 
managed,  is  worth  and  can  easily  be  sold  for  from  ten 
to  fifty  thousand  dollars.  These  remarks  only  apply  to 
p)atents  of  ordinary  or  minor  value.  They  do  not  include 
such  as  the  telegraph,  the  planing  machine,  and  the  rubber 


l6     THE    PATENT    OFFICE    AT    WASHINGTON. 


patents,  which  are  worth  millions  each.  A  few  cases  of  the 
first  kind  will  better  illustrate  my  meaning  :^    -v, 

**Aman  obtained  a  patent  for  a  slight  improvement  in 
straw-cutters,  took  a  model  of  his  invention  through  the 
Western  States,  and  after  a  tour  of  eight  months  returned 
with  forty  thousand  dollars  in  cash,  or  its  equivalent. 

"Another  inventor  obtained  extension  of  a  patent  for  a 
machine  to  thresh  and  clean  grain,  and  sold  it  in  about  fif- 
teen months  for  sixty  thousand  dollars.  A  third  obtained  a 
patent  for  a  printing-ink,  and  refused  fiftv  thousand  dollars, 
and  finally  sold  it  for  about  sixty  thousand  dollars. 

•'  These  are  ordinary  cases  of  minor  invention,  embracing 
no  very  considerable  inventive  powers,  and  of  which  hundreds 
go  out  from  the  Patent  Ofiice  every  year.  Experience  shows 
that  the  most  profitable  patents  are  those  which  contain  very 
little  real  invention,  and  are  to  a  superficial  observer  of  little 
value." 

THE  PATENT  OFFICE  AT  WASHINGTON. 

The  engraving  on  page  14  shows  a  full  exterior  view  of 
the  Patent  Office,  which  is  one  of  the  finest  edifices  in  Wash- 
ington. It  is  of  the  Doric  order  of  architecture,  433  feet  long, 
331  feet  wide,  75  feet  high.  The  collection  of  models  of  in- 
ventions here  gathered  is  very  remarkable,  the  aggregate 
number  being  over  two  hundred  thousand.  Nearly  twenty 
thousand  new  models  are  sent  to  the  Patent  Office  each 


year. 


PROCEEDINGS  TO  OBTAIN  A  PATENT. 


To  one  who  has  made  an  invention  or  discovery,  the  first 
inquiry  that  suggests  itself  is,  "  Can  I  obtain  a  Patent  ?"  If 
so,  *'  How  shall  I  proceed?  Whom  shall  I  consult?  How 
much  will  it  cost?"  The  quickest  way  to  settle  these  queries 
without  expense  is  to  write  to  us  (Munn  &  Co.)  describing 
the  invention.  Send  us  also  a  small  sketch.  Never  mind 
your  inexperience.  Nicety  of  writing  or  drawing  is  not  es- 
sential ;  all  we  need  is  to  get  your  idta.  Do  not  use  pale 
ink.  Be  brief.  Send  stamps  for  postage.  We  will  imme- 
diately answer  and  inform  you  whether  or  not  your  improve- 
ment is  probably  patentable ;  and  if  so,  give  you  the  neces- 
sary instructions'  for  further  procedure.  Our  long  experience 
enables  us  to  decide  quickly.  For  this  advice  we  make  no 
charge.  All  who  desire  to  consult  us  in  regard  to  obtaining 
patents,  are  cordially  invited  to  do  so.  We  shall  be  happy 
to  see  them  in  person  at  our  office,  01  to  advise  them  by  letter. 
In  all  cases  they  may  expect  from  us  a  careful  consideration 
of  their  plans,  an  honest  opinion,  and  a  prompt  reply. 


THE   PRELIMINARY    EXAMINATION. 


17 


Inquiries  about  the  patentability  of  new  inventions  we 
answer,  as  above  stated,  without  charge.  But  we  frequently 
receive  letters  containing  strings  of  other  questions,  without 
fee,  or  even  postage-stamps.  Some  of  these  letters  close 
with  the  comforting  assurance,  "  I  would  remit  for  your 
trouble,  but  do  not  know  how  much  to  send."  To  relieve 
the  consciences  of  all  such  doubters,  we  would  recommend 
them  to  send  a  dollar  or  more,  according  to  the  value  to 
them  of  the  desired  information.  If  the  latter  is  of  no  value, 
they  ought  not  to  trouble  us.  To  other  inquirers  the  follow- 
ing hints  may  be  useful :  The  best  washing-machines,  the 
best  brick-machines,  the  best  of  every  thing  in  the  mechanical 
line,  is  advertised  and  illustrated  in  the  Scientific  Ameri- 
can, and  the  address  of  the  parties  having  such  things  on 
sale  is  there  given.  If  not  a  subscriber  to  the  Scientific 
American,  you  should  enroll  your  name  by  sending  $3.20 
for  one  year,  which  includes  the  postage.  You  will  sooner 
or  later  find  in  its  pages  answers  to  all  your  inquiries,  to- 
gether with  an  immense  amount  of  other  useful  information. 

THE  PRELIMINARY  EXAMINATION. 

If  we  are  not  entirely  satisfied  that  our  correspondent's 
idea  is  patentable,  we  ad.vise  him  to  let  us  make  a  Preliminary 
Examination.  This  consists  of  a  special  search,  made  at  the 
U.  S.  Patent  Office,  Washington,  through  the  medium  of 
our  house  in  that  city,  to  ascertain  whether,  among  all  the 
thousands  of  patents  and  models  there  stored,  any  invention 
can  be  found  which  will  probably  prevent  the  grant  of  a 
patent.  On  the  completion  of  this  special  search,  we  send  a 
written  report  to  the  party  concerned,  with  suitable  advice. 
Our  charge  for  this  service  is  five  dollars. 

If  the  report  is  unfavorable,  the  applicant  is  saved  all 
further  expense.  If  favorable,  he  is  enabled  to  modify  or 
enlarge  his  claims  in  accordance  with  the  report. 

In  offering  to  make  this  examination  for  five  dollars,  our 
correspondents  must  bear  in  mind  that  we  here  refer  only  to 
the  question  of  the  patentability  of  the  invention,  not  to  in- 
fringements or  other  questions.  Will  it  pay  ?  Does  it  in- 
fringe ?    See  page  26  for  reply. 

Where  preliminary  examination  is  wanted  upon  more  than 
one  invention,  $5  for  each  must  be  sent ;  as  each  device  re- 
quires a  separate  search.  All  that  we  need  for  this  examina- 
tion is  a  brief  description  and  sketch  sufficient  to  enable  us 
to  get  an  idea  of  the  invention. 

The  fee  paid  for  preliminary  examination  does  not  go 
toward  paying  for  the  patent. 


MAP    OF    THE    UNITED    STATES. 


MAP   OF   THE    UNITED    STATES. 


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20 


COST   OF   THE   PATENT. 


What  security  have  I  that  my  communications  to  Munn  <&*,  Co, 
will  be  faithfully  guarded  and  remain  confidential  f  -»^  -i 

Answer. — You  have  none  except  our  well-known  integrity 
in  this  respect,  based  upon  a  most  extensive  practice  of 
thirty  years'  standing.  Our  clients  are  numbered  by  hun- 
dreds of  thousands.  They  are  to  be  found  in  every  town 
and  city  of  the  Union.  Please  to  make  inquiry  about  us. 
Such  a  thing  as  the  betrayal  of  a  client's  interests,  when 
committed  to  our  professional  care,  never  has  occurred,  and 
is  not  likely  to  occur.  All  business  and  communications  in- 
trusted to  us  are  kept  secret  aiul  confidential. 

COST    OF   THE    PATENT. 

If  the  invention  is  simple,  the  whole  cost  to  apply  for  a 
patent  is  $40,*  and  when  allowed,  $20  more  are  payable, 
making  $60  in  all.f  The  applicant  has  six  months  m  which 
to  pay  the  last  instalment  of  $20,  after  the  patent  is  allowed. 
If  the  invention  is  complicated,  the  costs  are  somewhat  in- 
creased, because  the  preparation  of  the  drawings  and  spe- 
cifications involves  extra  labor. 

Under  the  patent  laws,  all  persons,  citizens  and  foreigners, 
pay  the  same  official  fees.  There  is  no  distinction  as  to 
nationality.  Patents  are  also  granted  to  women  and  minors  ; 
also  to  the  executors  or  administrators  of  deceased  inventors. 
The  patent  is  granted  for  seventeen  years,  during  which  time 
the  patentee  enjoys  the  full  and  exclusive  right  to  make,  use, 
and  sell  the  invention,  and  grant  rights,  licenses,  or  privileges. 

In  order  to  apply  for  a  patent,  all  that  is  necessary  is  to 
send  a  model  of  the  invention  to  Munn  &  Co.,  by  express, 
prepaid,  with  an  explanation  of  the  merits  and  working  of 
the  invention.  Never  mind  spelling  or  grammar,  but  be 
very  particular  to  give  your  ideas  in  full  about  the  invention. 
Describe  its  intended  working,  and  mention  all  the  ad- 
vantages that  you  can  think  o^  This  statement  is  always 
of  assistance  to  us  in  preparin^^  the  specification  and  draw- 
ings. Also  remit  $15  on  account,  and  give  the  inventor's 
full  name,  middle  name  included.  We  will  then  prepare  the 
drawings  and  specification,  and  send  the  latter  to  you  for 
examination  and  signature.     See  page  22  about  model. 

Do  not  put  the  money  in  the  box  with  the  model,  for  it  is 

*  If  a  patent  is  not  granted,  the  applicant  loses  this  cost  of  making 
the  application. 

t  Of  this  sum  the  first  Government  fee  is  $15,  our  (Munn  &  Co.'s) 
charges  $25,  and  the  second  Government  fee  is  $20^  making  $60  in 
all.  When  an  appeal  is  required,  there  are  additional  expenses. 
See  page  26. 


COST   OF    THE    PATENT. 


21 


liable  to  be  stolen.     Remit  by  express,  postal  order,  check, 
or  draft,  to  order  of  Munn  &  Co.,  37  Parle  Row,  New  York. 

When  the  invention  consists  of  a  process  or  new  article  of 
manufacture,  or  a  new  composition,  samples  of  the  article 
must  be  furnished,  and  a  mmute  detail  of  the  mode  of  pro- 
duction given.  New  medicines  or  compounds,  and  useful 
mixtures,  recipes,  etc.,  may  be  patented.  Samples  must  be 
furnished,  and  a  minute  statement  given  of  the  exact  pro- 
portions, method,  and  ingredients  used  in  making  a  given 
quantity  of  the  new  article.  In  the  case  of  medicines  it  is 
sometimes  better  for  the  author  to  keep  the  recipe  a  secret, 
and  register  a  trade-mark  under  which  to  sell  and  introduce 
the  article.     See  trade-marks,  page  30. 

On  the  reception  of  the  model  or  specimen  and  first  pay- 
ment of  $15,  the  case  is  duly  registered  upon  our  books,  and 
the  application  proceeded  with  as  fast  as  possible.  When 
the  documents  are  ready,  we  send  them  to  the  inventor  by 
mail,  for  his  examination,  signature,  and  affidavit,  with  a 
letter  of  instruction,  etc.  Our  charges  for  preparing  the 
case  are  then  due  and  will  be  called  for.  On  return  of  the 
papers  to  us,  the  case  will  be  presented  to  the  Patent  Office, 
and  as  soon  as  the  patent  is  allowed,  the  applicant  will  be 
notified  to  remit  the  last  instalment  of  the  Government  fee — 
namely,  $20,  and  the  patent  will  then  be  printed  and  issued. 

In  addition  to  the  above  service,  our  patron  receives, 
gratis,  a  notice  in  the  Scientific  American,  descriptive  of 
the  merits  of  the  new  patent,  giving  also  his  name  and 
address.  We  print  and  distribute  about  fifty  thousand  copies 
of  this  notice,  without  a  penny  of  cost  to  our  client.  This 
publication  is  of  immense  value  to  the  patentee  in  advertis- 
ing his  new  invention,  and  assisting  to  bring  it  promptly  to 
the  attention  of  purchasers.  Were  he  to  do  this  printing 
himself,  it  would  cost  him,  by  the  most  economical  method, 
say  on  the  backs  of  postal-cards,  over  five  hundred  dollars. 
The  printing  alone  would  cost  him  fifty  dollars,  and  the  cards 
ten  dollars  per  thousand ;  to  which  must  be  added  the  cost 
of  addressing. 

No  patent  agency  in  the  world  does  so  much  for  its  clients 
as  ours ;  and  for  that  reason  none  so  fully  commands  public 
confidence  or  enjoys  so  great  a  share  of  patronage. 

Persons  who  do  business  with  us  will  be  notified  of  the 
progress  of  their  application  in  the  Patent  Office,  when  it  is 
possible  for  us  to  do  so.  We  do  not  require  the  personal 
attendance  of  the  inventor,  unless  the  invention  is  one  of 
great  complication ;  the  business  can  be  done  as  well  by 
correspondence. 

We  have  an  extensive  branch  house  in  Washington  (see 


22 


ABOUT    MODELS. 


engraving,  page  24),  employing  a  corps  of  skilled  assistants, 
and  we  make  it  our  special  duty  to  watch  over  the  cases  of 
our  clients  while  they  are  before  the  Patent  Office.  If  the 
examining  officer  objects  to  the  grant  of  a  claim,  needs  per- 
sonal explanations,  or  requires  amendments,  we  examine  the 
references  and  make  the  amendments,  if  we  deem  them 
proper,  so  as  to  secure  the  allowance  of  our  client's  patent 
as  soon  as  possible.  We  make  no  additional  charge  for 
these  services. 

The  average  time  required  to  procure  a  patent  is  six 
weeks.  We  frequently  get  them  tnrough  in  less  time,  but 
in  other  cases,  owing  to  delay  on  the  pan  of  the  officials,  the 
period  is  sometimes  extended  to  two  or  three  months,  and 
even  more.  We  make  a  special  point  to  forward  our  cases 
as  rapidly  as  possible. 


ABOUT    MODELS. 

Whoever  applies  for  a  patent  is  by  law  required  to  furnish 
a  model,  if  the  invention  can  be  illustrated,  or  partly  illus- 
trated, by  a  model.  It  is  therefore  useless  to  write  letters 
asking  to  be  excused  from  sending  a  model.  The  model 
must  not  exceed  twelve  inches  in  any  of  its  dimensions  ; 
should  be  neatly  made. 

If  the  invention  is  an  improvement  upon  some  existing  ma- 
chine, it  is  not  generally  necessary  to  make  a  model  of  the 
whole  machine.  All  that  is  required  is  to  illustrate  by  model 
the  intended  construction  and  intended  working  of  the  im- 
proved parts.  The  model  of  a  car-coupler,  for  example,  need 
not  embrace  a  complete  car,  wheels,  etc.,  but  only  the  coupler 
parts.  In  a  steam-engine,  if,  for  example,  the  invention 
relates  to  an  improvement  in  the  cylinder,  the  model  of  a 
cylinder  only  is  sufficient,  and  it  may  be  made  of  wood. 
Models  may  be  made  of  such  materials  as  the  applicant 
finds  most  convenient — ^wood  or  metal,  or  part  wood,  part 
metal.  It  is  not  necessary  to  make  the  model  of  the  same 
materials  that  are  to  compose  the  manufactured  article.  For 
example,  the  Patent  Office  will  receive  a  model  in  wood, 
representing  an  improved  inkstand  that  is  intended  to  be 
manufactured  in  glass. 

Sometimes  a  correspondent  writes  :  "I  am  a  poor  hand  at 
making  models.  If  I  employ  a  model-maker,  do  I  not  run  a 
risk  that  he  will  steal  the  mvention  and  take  the  patent  in  his 
own  name?"  Our  answer  is,  that  you  run  little  risk  of  having 
your  ideas  stolen,  especially  if  you  take  the  precaution  to 
deal  with  a  person  of  good  repute.  For  your  own  satisfac- 
tion, however,  you  may  explain  your  invention  to  the  model- 


at 

n  a 

his 

ing 

to 

ac- 

Hel- 


GOING    TO    WASHINGTON. 


23 


maker  in  presence  of  a  friend ;  and  the  evidence  of  the  latter 
would  be  sufficient  to  defeat  any  attempt  made  to  take  your 
invention. 

It  is  always  better  for  inventors  to  have  their  models  con- 
structed under  their  own  supervision,  even  at  an  increased 
cost  in  money  or  time.  Dunng  the  making  of  the  model, 
the  author  often  perceives  points  where  ihe  invention  may  be 
rendered  more  perfect  than  was  at  first  contemplated.  The 
model  should  be  small,  but  strong.  In  some  instances, 
owine  to  residence  in  distant  parts  or  other  causes,  it  is  im- 
possible for  the  inventor  to  furnish  a  model.  In  such  cases 
we  (MUNN  &  Co.)  can  have  proper  models  built  by  experi- 
enced and  trusty  makers,  at  moderate  charges. 

Models  may  be  sent  to  us  either  by  mail  or  by  express, 
prepaid.  If  sent  by  mail,  the  postage  is  one  cent  an  ounce, 
provided  there  is  no  writing  on  the  model  or  within  the  pack- 
age. The  ends  of  the  package  should  be  open,  so  that  it 
can  be  examined.  But  if  the  sender  writes  his  name  upon 
the  model,  it  then  becomes  subject  to  letter  postage,  which 
is  six  cents  an  ounce. 

Prepay  all  models,  and  address  them  MuNN  &  Co.,  37  Park 
Row,  New  York. 

GOING  TO  WASHINGTON. 

Some  inventors  suppose,  very  naturally,  that  if  pe''sonallv 
present  in  Washington,  they  can  get  their  cases  through 
more  expeditiously,  or  command  other  important  facilities. 
But  this  ic  not  so.  The  journey  to  Washington  is  usually  a 
mere  waste  of  time  and  money  ;  but,  notwithstanding,  some 
persons  prefer  to  go.  A  good  agent  must  be  employed  after 
the  inventor  gets  there.  No  one  can  possibly  have  facilities 
or  influence  superior  to  our  own  ;  a  very  large  portion  of  the 
entire  business  of  the  Patent  Office  passes  through  our 
hands  ;  and  we  have  an  office  in  Washmgton,  charged  with 
the  especial  duty  of  watching  over  and  pressing  forward  the 
interests  of  our  clients. 

The  Patent  Office  does  not  prepare  patent  papers,  or  make 
models.  These  must  be  provided  by  the  applicant  or  his 
attorney,  according  to  law,  otherwise  his  claim  will  not  be 
considered. 

The  law  especially  requires  that  all  documents  deposited 
in  the  Patent  Office  shall  be  correctly,  legibly,  and  clearly 
written,  and  that  the  drawings  shall  De  of  a  specified  size, 
and  executed  in  an  artistic  manner. 

Persons  who  visit  Washington  in  person  can  have  all  their 
patent  business  promptly  attended  to,  by  calling  at  MuNN  & 
Co.'s  Branch  Scientific  American  Office,  comer  of 


REJECTED    OR    DEFECTIVE    CASES. 


25 


Seventh  and  F  streets,  opposite  the  Patent  Office.     (See  en- 
graving opposite  page.) 

REJECTED  OR  DEFECTIVE  CASES. 

Ve  (Munn  &  Co.)  give  prompt  attention  to  the  prosecu- 
tion of  rejected  or  postponed  cases,  that  have  been  prepared 
by  the  applicant  or  other  agent.     Terms  very  moderate. 

CAVEATS. 

The  filing  of  a  Caveat  is  sometimes  of  great  importance, 
as  it  may  be  quickly  done,  and  afpDrds  immediate  protection 
against  the  issue  of  a  patent,  without  the  knowledge  of  the 
Caveator,  to  any  other  person  for  the  same  invention.  The 
object  of  a  Caveat  is  to  give  the  inventor  time  to  test  and 
perfect  his  discovery.  Should  a  competitor  apply  for  a 
patent  for  the  same  invention,  the  Caveator  is  officially  noti- 
fied, and  called  upon  to  file  in  his  application  for  a  patent. 
The  existence  of  a  Caveat  is  one  of  the  evidences  of  priority 
of  invention.  A  Caveat  runs  for  a  year,  and  can  be  extended 
from  year  to  year.  Caveats  can  only  be  filed  by  citizens  of 
the  United  States,  and  aliens  who  have  resided  here  one 
year  and  have  declared  their  intention  to  become  citizens. 
All  Caveats  are  secret.  No  one  can  see  or  obtain  a  copy  of 
a  Caveat  without  the  order  of  the  Caveator.  A  Caveator 
can  use  the  stamp,  "Caveat  filed;"  and  such  stamp  some- 
times assists  in  selling  an  ardcle,  or  securing  trade. 

But  the  filing  of  a  Caveat  does  not  secure  any  exclusive 
right  of  sale,  =  The  Patent  secures  that  right.  The  filing  of 
a  Caveat  has  nothing  to  do  with  the  grant  of  a  patent.  The 
Government  makes  no  search  as  to  novelty  when  a  Caveat  is 
filed.  No  portion  of  the  money  paid  for  a  Caveat  applies 
toward  the  patent. 

A  Caveat  consists  of  a  Petition,  Specification,  Drawing, 
and  Affidavit  of  Invei.non.  To  be  of  any  value,  these  pa- 
pers should  be  carefully  drawn  up,  and  the  otilicial  rules 
scrupulously  complied  with.  No  model  is  required.  Our 
facilities  enable  us  to  prepare  Caveat  papers  with  great  dis- 
patch. Wher  specially  desired,  we  can  have  them  ready  to 
send  to  the  applicant,  for  signature  and  affidavit,  by  return 
mail,  or  at  an  hour's  notice.  The  whole  expense  to  file  a 
Caveat  is  generally  $25,  of  which  the  official  fee  is  $10,  and 
we  generally  charge  $15  to  prepare  the  papers  and  attend  to 
the  businestit  On  filing  the  Caveat  in  Washington  the 
Patent  Office  issues  an  Official  Certificate  thereof,  which  we 
forward  to  the  applicant.  To  enable  us  to  prepare  Caveat 
papers,  all  that  we  need  is  a  sketch,  drawing,  or  photograph. 


26 


APPEALS. 


and  description  of  the  invention,  with  which  remit  fees  as 
above.     Model  not  required. 

APPEALS. 

When  the  examiner  refuses  to  allow  a  patent,  and  finally 
rejects  the  case,  we  report  the  fact  to  our  client,  and  inform 
him  as  to  the  probabilities  of  obtaining  a  reversal  of  the  ex- 
aminer's decision  by  appeal. 

Three  appeals  are  allowed,  namely :  to  the  Examiners-in- 
Chief,  to  the  Commissioner  of  Patents,  to  the  Supreme 
Court  of  the  Dibtrict. 

First  Appeal. — The  Government  fee  payable  by  the  appli- 
cant, on  making  an  appeal  to  the  Examiners-in-Cbief,  is  $io. 
Our  charges  for  preparing  and  conducting  this  appeal  are 
verv  moderate,  and  in  part  contingent  upon  success, 

Second  Appeal. — B'rom  the  decision  of  the  Examiners-in- 
Chief  an  appeal  may  be  taken  to  the  Commissioner  of 
Patents.     Government  fee,  $20. 

Third  Appeal. — From  the  decision  of  the  Commissioner  of 
Patents  an  appeal  may  be  taken  to  the  Supreme  Court  of  the 
District  of  Columbia. 

REISSUE  OF  PATENTS. 

Whenever  any  mislahe,  defect,  or  insufficiency  in  the 
claims  or  specification  of  a  patent  are  found  to  exist,  a  peti- 
tion for  a  reissue  may  be  filed  in  the  Patent  Office,  together 
with  new  drawings  and  corrected  specifications.  A  new  cor- 
rected patent  will  then  be  issued,  and  the  old  patent  cancelled. 
Messrs.  Munn  &  Co.  have  had  thirty  years'  experience  in  ob- 
taining reissues,  and  will  be  happy  to  give  further  informa- 
tion upon  the  subject,  by  letter,  to  all  who  wish  to  have  their 
patents  corrected. 

INFRINGEMENTS. 

The  general  rule  of  law  is,  that  the  first  original  patentee 
is  entitled  to  a  broad  interpretation  of  his  claims.  The  scope 
of  any  patent  is  therefore  governed  by  the  inventions  of  prior 
date.  To  determine  whether  the  use  of  a  patent  is  an  infnnge- 
ment  of  another  generally  requires  a  most  careful  examina- 
tion of  all  analogous  prior  patents  and  rejected  applications. 
An  opinion  based  upon  such  research  requires  for  its  prepara- 
tion much  time  and  labor.  The  expense  of  these  examina- 
tions, with  written  opinion,  varies  from  $25  to  $100  or  more, 
according  to  the  labor  involved.  Address  Munn  &  Co.,  37 
Park  Row,  New  York. 

Infringements  occur  much  less  frequently  than  most  people 
suppose ;  and  in  general,  unless  you  have  special  reason  to 


I 


ASSIGNMENTS   OF   PATENTS. 


27 


believe  that  infringement  exists,  the  best  way  is  not  to  give 
yourself  trouble  about  it  until  some  one  troubles  you.  In- 
fringement consists  in  the  use,  sale,  or  manufacture  of  some- 
thing already  patented.  It  is  not  an  infringement  to  take  out 
a  patent  for  an  invention  whic  is  an  improvement  on  a  pre- 
vious patent.  It  is  not  an  infringement  to  own,  to  buy,  or  to 
sell  any  patent.  It  is  not  an  infringement  to  sell  rights  un- 
der any  patent,  whether  town,  county,  or  State  rights,  or 
1  censes. 

All  good  improvements  are  worth  patenting,  even  if  their 
use  should  be  found  to  infringe  a  prior  patent.  Only  a  few, 
comparatively,  of  the  large  number  of  patents  issued  prove  to 
infringe  ;  and  the  infringing  device  is  sometimes  worth  more 
than  the  patent  with  which  it  conflicts.  Patentees  of  conflict- 
ing inventions  can  usually  make  satisfactory  arrangements 
with  the  owners  of  the  prior  patents  ;  it  is  obviously  to  the 
interest  of  prior  patentees  to  have  their  patents  used  as  ex- 
tensively as  possible.  The  princelv  revenue  of  Howe,  the  in- 
ventor of  the  sewing-machine,  was  about  $500,000  annually, 
derived  chiefly  from  two  infringing  patentees,  paying  him  a 
small  royalty  on  each  machine.  The  net  profits  divided 
among  the  owners  of  one  of  these  infringing  patents — the 
celebrated  Wheeler  &  Wilson — are  ^reported  to  be  more 
than  $1,000,000  a  year.  The  profits  of  the  other,  the  Singer 
Manufacturing  Co,,  are  reported  at  from  $2,000,000  to 
$3,000,000  a  year. 

ASSIGNMENTS  OF  PATENTS. 

If  you  desire  to  have  an  assignment  of  a  patent,  or  any 
share  thereof,  or  a  license,  made  out  in  the  proper  manner, 
and  placed  on  record,  remit  five  dollars,  give  full  names  oi' 
parties,  residences,  title  of  invention,  date  of  patent.  The 
above  charge  includes  the  recording  fee. 

Inventions  or  shares  thereof  may  be  assigned  either  before 
or  after  the  grant  of  a  patent.  Agreements  and  contracts  in 
regard  to  inventions  should  be  recorded,  like  assignments,  at 
Washington. 

If  you  desiiie  to  know  in  whose  name  the  title  to  a  patent  is 
officially  recorded  at  Washington  ;  or  if  you  wish  for  an  ab- 
stract of  all  the  deeds  of  transfer  connected  with  a  patent, 
send  us  the  name  of  the  patentee,  or  date  or  number  of  pat- 
ent, and  remit  five  dollars. 

We  (MuNN  &  Co.)  have  branch  offices  in  Washington, 
and  have  constant  access  to  all  the  public  records.  We  can 
therefore  make  for  you  any  kind  of  search,  or  look  up  for  you 
any  sort  0/ information  in  regard  to  patents,  or  inventions,  or 


28       PATENTS   FOR   ORNAMENTAL   DESIGNS. 


applications  for  patents,  either  pending  or  rejected,  that  you 
may  desire. 

PATENTS  FOR  ORNAMENTAL  DESIGNS. 

The  laws  for  the  grant  of  patents  for  new  designs  are  of 
the  most  liberal  and  comprehensive  character,  and  their  bene- 
fits may  be  enjoyed  by  all  persons,  without  distinction  as  to 
nationality. 

Foreign  designers  and  manufacturers  who  send  goods  to 
this  country  may  secure  patents  here  upon  their  new  patterns, 
and  thus  prevent  other  makers  from  selling  similar  goods  in 
this  market. 

A  patent  for  a  design  may  be  g^ranted  to  any  person, 
whether  citizen  or  alien,  who,  by  his  own  industry,  genius, 
efforts,  and  expense,  has  invented  or  produced  any  new  and 
original  design  for  a  manufacture,  bust,  statue,  alto-relievo, 
or  bass-relief;  any  new  and  original  design  for  the  printing 
of  woollen,  silk,  cotton,  or  other  fabrics  ;  any  new  and  origi- 
nal impression,  ornament,  pattern,  print,  or  picture,  to  be 
printed,  painted,  cast,  or  otherwise  placed  on  or  worked  into 
any  article  of  manufacture  ;  or  any  new,  useful,  and  original 
shape  or  configmation  of  any  article  of  manufacture,  the  same 
not  having  been  known  or  used  by  others  before  his  invention 
or  production  thereof,  or  patented  or  described  in  any  printed 
publication,  upon  payment  of  the  duty  required  by  law,  and 
other  due  proceedings  had  the  same  as  in  cases  of  inventions 
or  discoveries. 

Patents  for  designs  are  granted  for  the  term  of  three  and 
one  half  years,  or  for  the  term  of  seven  years,  or  for  the  term 
of  fourteen  years,  as  the  said  applicant  may  elect  in  his  appli- 
cation. The  patent  expires  at  the  end  of  the  term  for  which 
it  is  first  granted.     No  extension. 

Design  patents  are  not  granted  for  mechanical  or  other  in- 
ventions ;  but  only  for  ornamental  productions ;  here  the 
scope  of  the  design  patent  law  is  very  broad.  The  patentee 
of  a  machine  may,  in  addition  to  the  protection  of  an  orii- 
nary  patent,  also  obtain  a  design  patent  upon  any  new  orna- 
ments or  ornamental  forms  used  on  his  device.  Authors  of 
new  inventions  should  fortify  themselves  as  far  as  possible  by 
securing  design  patents  ;  also  by  securing  trade-mark  regis- 
tration. 

The  personal  presence  of  the  applicant  is  not  necessary  in 
order  to  obtain  a  design  patent,  as  the  business  can  be  done 
by  correspondence.  Those  who  reside  at  a  distance  should 
send  us  their  names  in  full,  middle  name  included,  together 
with  twelve  photographs  of  the  design  not  mounted.  Also 
remit  the  fees  as  above,  by  draft,  check,  or  postal  order.    We 


COPIES   OF   PATENTS. 


29 


will  then  prepare  the  petition,  oath,  and  specification,  and 
forward  the  same  to  the  applicant  for  signature.  On  their  re- 
turn by  him,  the  papers  are  filed  at  the  Patent  Office,  when 
an  official  examination  is  made,  and  if  no  conflicting  design 
is  found  to  exist,  a  patent  is  issued.  The  photographs  only 
need  to  be  large  enough  to  represent  clearly  all  the  features 
of  the  design. 

The  petition,  oath,  specification,  assignments,  and  other 
proceedings  in  the  case  of  applications  for  letters-patent  for 
a  design  are  the  same  as  for  other  patents. 

City  residents,  by  calling  at  our  office,  can  have  all  the 
business  promptly  attended  to. 

The  expenses  for  design  patents  are  as  follows  : 

Patent  for  three  and  a  half  years,  whole  expense,  $25. 

Patent  for  seven  years,  whole  expense,  $30. 

Patent  for  fourteen  years,  whole  expense,  $45. 

The  above  includes  Government  fees  and  agents*  charges.* 

Address  Munn  &  Co.,  37  Park  Row,  N.  Y. 

It  has  been  held  in  recent  official  decisions  that  the  appli- 
cant for  a  design  patent  must  exhibit  originality  ai  some  part 
of  his  design,  otherwise  a  patent  cannot  be  supported.  The 
mere  imitation  of  an  existing  form  or  configuration  of  a 
manufactured  article  will  not  support  a  patent.  But  an  ori- 
ginal combination  of  known  ornamental  configurations  may 
be  patented. 

COPIES  OF  PATENTS. 

On  receipt  of  one  dollar,  we  (Munn  &  Co.)  will  furnish  a 
copy  of  the  claim  of  any  United  States  patent  granted  since 
1828,  or  the  full  copy  of  the  specification  and  drawings  of  any 
patent  issued  since  1872,  provided  the  name  of  patentee  and 
year  of  the  patent  is  furnished  to  us  ;  but  if  we  have  to  search 
for  this  information,  our  charge  for  the  search  is  five  dollars. 

Cloth  is  made  Fire-proof  nearly,  by  mixing  tungstate 
of  soda  with  common  starch,  which  is  applied  in  the  usual 
manner,  and  the  cloth  then  dried  in  the  sun. 

Tungsten  is  a  very  hard  metal,  infusible,  of  iron-gray 
color,  twice  as  heavy  as  iron.  It  is  found  in  the  mineral 
known  as  wolfram;  tungstate  of  soda  is  made  by  fusing 
wolfram  with  carbonate  of  soda. 

♦  The  Government  fee  is  $10  for  three  and  a  half  years,  $15  for 
seven  years,  and  S30  for  fourteen  years.  Our  (Munn  &  Co.'s) 
charges  are  $15.  When  it  is  inconvenient  for  applicants  to  furnish 
♦heir  own  drawings  or  photographs,  we  can  supply  them  at  a  rea- 
sonable cost. 


30 


TRADE-MARKS. 


TRADE-MARKS. 

The  patent  law  provides  that  any  person,  firm,  or  corpo- 
ration may  secure  an  exclusive  right  to  use  a  trade-mark, 
by  complying  with  the  official  regulations  of  the  Patent 
Office.     1  he  whole  expense  is  forty  dollars. 

Trade-marks  alreaciy  in  use,  no  matter  for  how  long  a 
time,  may  be  registered ;  also  trade-marks  intended  for 
future  use'.  The  proprietor  of  a  registered  trade-mark  may 
put  it  in  use  whenever  he  desires. 

A  trade-mark  consists  of  a  distinctive  or  special  name  or 
title  for  an  article,  or  a  device,  design,  or  stamp,  or  combina- 
tion thereof,  applied  to  merchandise  or  the  envelopes  or 
packages  thereof.  But  the  mere  business  name  of  a  person 
or  firm  is  not  registerable  as  a  trade-mark. 

The  official  rules  must  be  carefully  observed.  A  petition 
is  to  be  signed  by  the  applicant,  together  with  a  written  de- 
scription of  the  trade-mark,  statement,  and  declaration  as  to 
use,  affidavit  thereto  ;  a  copy  of  the  trade-mark  is  to  be  fur- 
nished, drawn  or  mounted  on  drawing-paper,  with  twelve 
copies  not  mounted. 

Trade-marks  remain  in  force  for  thirty  years,  and  may  be 
renewed  for  thirty  years  more.  It  is  unlawful  for  any  person 
to  use  any  registered  tra.de-mark,  or  to  make  such  a  resem- 
blance thereof  as  is  calculated  to  deceive.  But  a  trade-mark 
registered  for  use  upon  one  particular  class  of  merchandise — 
hardware  goods,  for  example — will  not  prevent  registration 
of  a  similar  mark,  by  another  person,  for  use  upon  an  entirely 
different  class  of  merchandise — crockery  goods,  for  example. 

Those  who  desire  to  secure  protection  for  trade-marks  are 
requested  to  communicate  with  Munn  Sc  Co.,  No.  37  Park 
Row,  New  York,  who  make  it  a  part  of  their  business  to 
prepare  the  papers  and  attend  to  the  application  before  the 
Patent  Office. 

All  the  business  is  speedily  done.  Registration  is  gener- 
ally granted  within  ten  days  after  the  papers  are  filed.  City 
residents  should  call  at  our  office.  Those  who  live  at  a  dis- 
tance should  give  us,  in  a  letter,  the  following  information  : 

1.  The  names  of  the  parties  who  own  the  trade-mark,  their 
residence  and  place  of  business. 

2.  State  the  class  of  merchandise  and  the  particular  de- 
scription of  goods  in  connection  with  which  the  trade-mark 
is  to  be  used. 

3.  Describe  the  particular  mode  in  which  the  trade-mark 
has  been  and  is  intended  to  be  applied  and  used.  For  ex- 
ample, for  a  trade-mark  for  sheedngs  the  statement  would 
be,  "  The  trade-mark  is  to  be  printed  in  blue  ink  upon  the 


TRADE-MARKS. 


31 


outside  of  each  piece  of  sheeting."  Or,  '*  The  trade-mark  is 
to  be  printed  in  black,  or  red,  white,  and  blue,  upon  the  ex- 
terior of  a  paper  wrapper,  which  is  to  cover  or  extend  around 
each  package  of  the  goods."  In  the  use  of  a  trade-mark  the 
owner  is  not  confined  to  such  particular  colors  or  precise 
method  of  use;  but  in  the  application  he  must  set  forth,  as 
above,  one  or  more  of  the  intended  methods. 

4.  State  whether  the  trade-mark  is  already  in  use,  and  if 
so,  how  long  it  has  been  used. 

5.  Send  us  twelve  copies  of  the  trade-mark. 

Also  remit  at  the  same  time  $40  in  full  for  the  expenses,  of 
which  $25  are  for  Government  fees  and  $15  Munn  &  Co.'s 
charge. 

We  will  then  prepare  the  necessary  petition,  declaration, 
and  affidavit  for  signature  by  the  applicant,  and,  shortly  after 
filing  the  papers  in  the  Patent  Office,  the  official  certificate 
will  be  forwarded  to  him. 

The  right  to  the  use  of  any  trade-mark  is  assignable  by  an 
instrument  of  writing,  and  such  assignment,  to  insure  its 
validity,  should  be  recorded  in  the  Patent  Office  within  sixty 
days  after  its  execution. 

For  assignments,  searches  of  trade-marks,  etc.,  address 
Munn  &  Co.,  37  Park  Row,  New  York. 

Decisions. — The  word  "  star,"  if  registered  as  a  trade- 
mark, is  infringed  by  the  use  of  the  figure  of  a  star,  and  vice 
versd. 

As  a  rule^  a  geographical  name  can  not  be  registered  as  a 
trade-mark,  but  may  become  so  when  not  descriptive.  For 
example,  the  words  "  German  Syrup"  held  to  be  a  lawful 
trade-mark. 

Trade-marks  such  as  the  following  may  be  registered  : 
For  tobacco  plugs,  '•  Andrew  Jackson  ;"  for  military  goods, 
"Smith  &  Co.,"  combined  with  the  figure  of  two  crossed 
swords  ;  for  cigars  and  tobacco,  the  letters  *•  B.  C,"  no  mat- 
ter how  arranged ;  for  a  medical  compound,  the  words 
"  Great  American  ;"  for  the  same,  "  Bennington's,"  with  a 
portrait  of  Dr.  Bennington;  for  shirtings,  the  figure  of  a 
peacock;  for  dry-goods,  the  words  "There's  millions  in 
It;'  for  pickles,  the  words  "Thunder  and  Lightning;"  for 
edge-tools,  the  word  "Washoe;"  for  pianoforte,  the  word 
"  Weber;"  for  soap  or  cosmetic,  the  word  "  Hypatia." 


On  smooth  ice  on  Hudson  River,  velocity  of  wind  only  ten 
miles  per  hour,  the  best  ice-boats  sail  sixty  miles  per  hour, 
or  six  times  faster  than  their  wind. 


PRINTS. 

.  jL^ABELS  and  prints  of  all  kinds,  for  bottles,  boxes,  and 
packages,  for  medicines,  compounds,  and  every^  description 
of  merchandise,  may  now  be  secured^  Jjy,cQpy.nglit  rpgistrar 
tjon  in  the  Patent  Office.  ,   *,- 

In  order  to  obtain  such  registration,  the  applicant  should 
write  to  Munn  &  Co.,  37  Park  Row,  New  York,  give  his  full 
name,  and  send  six  copes  of  the  label  or  print,  together  with 
sixteen  dollars,  whicli  covers  all  expenses.*  On  receipt 
thereof,  we  will  prepare  and  file  the  necessary  papers  in  the 
Patent  Office,  and  forward  the  Official  Certificate  of  Regis- 
tration to  the  applicant.  The  whole  business  only  occupies 
a  few  days"  timq.  ^^  ^>,>l   ^^  ;/[.  o.ir-'    f;r)i,jij>ya-r«T.vi 

The  patent  or  registration  so  obtamed  lasts  for  twenty- 
eight  years,  and  may  be  then  renewed  for  an  additional 
period  of  fourteen  years.  It  secures  to  the  proprietor  the 
exclusive  right  to  use  the  registered  label  or  print  during  the 
periods  named. 

Copyrights  for  labels  and  prints  may  be  assigned.  The 
assignments  should  be  recorded.  Messrs.  MuNN  &  Co.,  37 
Park  Row,  New  York,  attend  to  the  business. 

By  the  word  *'  label,"  as  used  in  the  Act  of  Congress,  is 
meant  a  slip  or  piece  of  paper,  or  other  material,  to  be  at- 
tached in  any  manner  to  manufactured  articles,  or  to  botdes, 
boxes,  and  packages  containing  them,  and  bearing  an  in- 
scription (not  a  trade-mark),  as,  for  example,  the  name  of  the 
manufacturer,  or  the  place  of  manufacture,  the  quality  of 
goods,  directions  for  use,  etc. 

By  the  word  ''print,"  as  used  in  the  said  Act,  is  meant  any 
device,  picture,  word  or  words,  figure  or  figures  (not  a  trade- 
mark), impressed  or  stamped  directly  upon  articles  of  manu- 
facture, to  denote  the  name  of  the  manufacturer^  or  place  of 
manufacture,  style  of  goods,  etc. 

But  no  such  print  or  label  can  be  registered .  unless  it 
properly  belong  to  an  article  of  commerce,  and  be  as  above 
defined;  nor  can  the  same  be  registered  as  such  print  vOr 
label  when  it  amounts  in  law  to  a  technical  trade-mark.    .01 4; 

j/JIhe  average  velocity  of  light  is  185,000  miles  per  secondv 

The  light  from  the  sun  occupies  83^  minutes  in  travelling 
to  the  earth,  the  distance  being  ninety-two  millions  of  miles. 
The  light  of  the  fixed  star  "  Sirius,"  supposed  to  be  the 
nearest  of  the  stars,  is  3)^  years  in  reaching  the  earth,  the 
distance  being  over  twenty  millions  of  millions  of  miles. 

♦  The  Government  fee  is  $6,  and  our  charge  (Munn&Co.'s)  is  $10. 


COPYRIGHTS  POR  POOKS,  PAMPHLETS,  ETC.    ^J 

COPYRIGHTS^  FOR  POOKS,  PAMPHLETS,  CHARTS, 
PICTURES,  AND  ART  WORKS. 

Any  citizen  or  resident  of  the  United  States  may  obtain  a 
copyright  who  is  the  author,  inventor,  designer,  or  proprietor 
of  any  book,  map,  chart,  dramatical  or  musical  composition, 
engraving,  cut,  print,  or  photograph  or  negative  thereof,  or 
of  a  painting,  drawing,  chromo,  stdtue,  statuary,  and  of 
models  and  designs,  intended  to  be  perfected  as  works  of  the 
fine  arts. 

A  copyright  is  not  valid  unless  the  title  or  description  is  re- 
corded in  the  Library  of  Congress  before  the  publication  of  thk 
work.  ^       .}, 

Those  who  desire  to  obtain  copyrights  are  requested  to 
communicate  with  Munn  &  Co.,  No.  37  Park  Row,  New 
York,  and  send  us  the  title  of  the  book,  print,  photograph,  or 
article.  We  will  then  cause  the  title  to  be  printed,  and  re- 
corded at  Washington,  as  by  law  required.  The  official  cer- 
tificate of  copyright  will  then  be  immediately  sent  to  our 
cHent.  Our  cliarge  to  attend  to  the  business  of  obtaining  a 
copyright  is  $5,  which  please  remit  with  the  title.  Copy- 
rights are  filed  in  advance  of  the  issue  of  the  work  ;  therefore 
we  only  need  to  receive  from  the  applicant  the  intended  title 
of  his  production,  not  the  work  itself. 

If  a  copyright  is  desired  for  a  painting,  drawing,  chromo, 
statue,  statuary,  or  model  or  design  for  a  work  of  art,  send 
us  the  intended  title  and  also  a  brief  description  thereof 
and  $5.  •-  "•" 

Copyrights  are  granted  for  the  term  of  twenty-eight  y6airS,' 
and  may  be  renewed  for  fourteen  additional  years,  if  the  re- 
newal is  filed  within  six  months  before  the  expirarion  of  the 
first  term.  -;"        ^  '  , 

Copyrights  Ai^'bie  ksslghed  ;  the  assignment  must  be  re-' 
cordecl  by  the  Librarian  of  Congress.  ' 

Foreigners  who  are  not  residents  of  the  United  States  can-' 
not  obtain  copyrights  ;  but  if  residents,  they  may  obtain 
copyrights. 

Labels  for  goods,  bottles,  etc.,  maybe  copyrighted.  Cost,' 
$  1 6.  Se«^  page  32..  But  machines  and  inventions  cannot  be' 
copyrighted, 

Address  Munn  &  Co.,  37  Park  Row,  New  York,  for  further 
information.  — . — 

The  intensity  of  illumination  on  a  given  surface  is  inverse- 
ly as  the  square  of  its  distance  from  the  source  of  light.  If 
the  page  of  a  book  held  twelve  inches  from  a  candle  be 
moved  six  inches  nearer,  the  light  on  the  page  is  made  four 
times  stronger.  ^,^^^^^  ^.  . . 


34 


'Qt)ESft6NS   AND   Al^SWfi'kfe. 


Ji  ;'i  '.' 


51 


QtJfeSTlbN^   AND  ANdWBRB. '1  HO.i 

Our  extended  experience  of  over  thirty  years  in  connec- 
tion with  The  Scientific  American  makes  our  establish- 
ment a  sort  of  factotum  for  the  receipt  of  and  reply  to  questions 
of  all  kinds.  Thousands  of  these  questions  are  answered, 
generally,  in  The  Scientific  American,  to  which  every- 
body who  desires  tp  be  well  informed  should  subscribe. 
There  are  still  other  questions  of  a  special  or  personal  nature 
to  which  written  replies  by  mail  are  desired  by  our  corre- 
spondents. 

fcrif  Myself  and  friend  wish  to  join  in  manufacturing  a  patented 
article,  and  form  a  company.  How  shall  we  proceed  ?  How 
ought  the  patent  deeds  to  be  arranged?" 

**  Can  a  patent  be  attached  and  sold  for  debt  by  sherifT,  like 
other  personal  property  ?"  /  ^Ij  vf  n 

"Suppose  three  parties  own  each  one  third  of  a  patent. 
Questions  :  (l)  Is  not  each  owner  entitled  to  one  third  of  the 
profits  made  by  the  other  owners  ?  (2)  Can  one  owner  of  a 
patent  make,  sell,  and  use,  and  grant  rights  to  others,  with- 
out consent  and  without  accounting  to  the  other  owners  ?" 

"  If  I  assign  a  patent  in  full,  with  the  verbal  understanding 
that  the  purchaser  is  to  make  certain  payments,  am  I  not  en- 
titled to  recover  back  my  patent  if  he  fails  to  pay?|,^Jf  not, 
what  is  mv  remedy?"  |r'^  '' 

Mf'f  I  send  you  herewith  copy  of  an  assignment  of^  a  patent 
made  to  me.     Please  state  whether  it  is  correctly  drawn." 

"  I  own  the  right  for  the  State  of  Ne^y  York  for  the  washing 
machine  patented  by  John   Doe,  July  4,  ^876.     Questioji : 
Has  the  original  patentee,  pr  other  person,,  t|>e  right  to  make, 
the  machines  in  some  other  State  and  fill, orders  for  machines' 
to  be  used  in  this  State  ?"  .        , 

To  questions  like  the  above,  or  those  of  ^alj:ii;idred  jnatyxe, 
we  are  always  ready  and  willing  to  send  brie^ written  replies,, 
provided  correspondents  are  thoughtful  enougfxtp  inclose  a 
small  fee  in  recognition  of  the  service.     This  sliould  not  be. 
less  than. from  one  tP  five  dpllars.    If  we  find  th^tiWe  a.re -Uii-; 
able  tp  give  the  infprmation  requested,  we  return  rj^pney.^ 
Address  Munn  &  Co.,  37  Park  Row,  New  York.     Questions 
relating  to  patent  infringements  can  not  be  thus  ajiswered ; 
seepage    26.  '    ^Minn  rnm^a  aR 

'^  '  fM\C}  v,iv)m  A    .T;nt:^{ 

Never,  under  any  circumstances,  assume  a  respdiiisibiKty 
you  can  avoid  consistently  with  your  dtity  tb  yotirself  and^ 
others.'  i; 'i'Jvo  j^aiii.-.tv.irrt  ,•/■?> q;?   .h.«.;^  :o  b^oq?.  air" 

'■  Ncv^V'rtT^*te^6\ir  «Hif6WB^s,  itrid>ftever  grieve ^visrfwhat 
you  cannpt  prevent.  v- t  ^  ,,;;«; 


RIGHTS   OF    EMPLOYERS    AND   ICMPLOYEES.    35 


RIGHTS  OP  EMPLOYERS  AND  EMPLOYEES. 

The  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States,  in  the  case  of 
the  Union  Paper  Collar  Company  (Official  Gazette,  1875), 
decides  substantially  as  follows  in  respect  to  the  rights  oi 
employers  and  employes,  touching  the  proprietorship  of  new- 
inventions  : 

Where  a  person  has  discovered  a  new  and  useful  principle 
in  a  machine,  manufacture,  or  composition  of  matter,  he 
may  employ  other  persons  to  assist  in  carrying  out  that  prin- 
ciple ;  and  if  they,  in  the  course  of  experiments  arising  from 
that  employment,  make  discoveries  auxiliary  to  the  plan  and 
preconceived  design  of  the  employer,  such  suggested  im- 
provements are,  in  general,  to  be  regarded  as  the  property 
of  the  party  who  discovered  the  original  principle,  and  they 
may  be  embodied  in  his  patent  as  part  of  his  invention. 
Doubt  upon  that  subject  can  not  be  entertained. 

But  persons  employed  as  much  as  employers  are  entitled 
to  their  own  independent  inventions :  and  if  the  suggestions 
communicated  by  the  persons  employed  constitute  the  whole 
substance  of  the  improvement,  the  rule  is  otherwise,  and  the 
patent,  if  granted  to  the  employer,  is  invalid,  because  the 
real  invention  or  discovery  belongs  to  th<!  person  who  made 
the  suggestions.  •''-   ;' 

The  doctrine  held  by  the  Patent  Office  is  that  an  inventor 
who  is  an  employer  has  the  right  to  avail  himself  of  the 
mechanical  skill  of  those  whom  he  employs  to  put  his  inven- 
tion into  practical  form.  If  the  inventor-employer  gives 
general  directions  to  his  workmen  to  produce  a  certain 
machine,  the  combination  or  parts,  or  arrangement  pro- 
duced, belongs  exclusively  to  the  inventor-employer,  and  the 
workman  has  no  ps^tentable  right  therein. 

But  when  a  workman  himself  suggests  and  invents  an  im- 
provement, without  previous  direction  from  his  employer,  the 
invention  belongs  to  the  workman  ;  he  can  patent  it,  and  the 
employer  has  no  claim  thereon,  although  the  device  may 
have  been  made  in  the  shop  of  the  employer,  with  his  tools, 
and  during  time  belonging  to  him. 

Be  neither  lavish  nor  niggardly;  of  the  two,  avoid  the 
latter.  A  mean  man  is  universally  despised,  but  public  favor 
is  a  stepping-stone  to  preferment ;  therefore,  generous  feel- 
ings should  be  cultivated. 

The  speed  of  an  electric  spark,  travelling  over  a  copper 
wire,  has  beent  ascertained  by  Wbeatstone;to  be  two  hundred 
and  eighty-eight  thousand  miles  in  a  second.    .     -  ,   „^.     ,,  ,.. 


ruTAjiyje    -r-rr 


'  mp    ?bhrm    UA 


THE   SCIENTIFIC    AMERICAN    OFFICES.        37 


THB  tdJENTIFIC  AMBRICAN   OFFICES. 

Our  cngTAving  shows  the  location  of  The  Scientific 
AmericaIv  oflUce,  New  York,  No.  37  Park  Row.  Our  prem- 
ises extend  acroiiS  the  front  of  the  square  formed  by  the 
junction,  of  Park  Row,  Beekman  and  Nassau  streets.  This 
locality  isj  the  head-quarters  of  the  city  newspaper  fra- 
ternity and  the  business  centre  of  the  metropolis.  The 
large  buildinj^  at  the  left  is  the  United  States  Court-House 
and  Post  Ofm:e,  a  magnificent  structure  of  granite,  recently 
completed  at  a  cost  of  about  eight  millions  of  dollars.  The 
other  side  of  this  building  fronts  on  the  famous  thoroughfare 
of  Broadway.  This  is  the  largest  local  Post  Ofhce  on  the 
continent*  and  the  extent  of  postal  transactions  here  carrier' 
on  is  enormous.  In  the  upper  part  of  the  building  are  the 
splendid  Court-rooms  an  *  ^''ices  pertaining  to  the  United 
States  Court,  Marshals'  (  s,  and  great  Law  Library.  The 
principaljines  of  city  stn  -ailway?  all  converge  at  or  near 
the  Poai  Officer  and  the  s  pass  directly  in  front  of  the 
doorway  of  Thb  Scientific  American.  On  the  same 
block  with  our  offices  are  those  of  TA^  Times,  The  World,  The 
New-York Observp't^.'nd  other  celebrated  newspapers.  Close 
by  \sTheTrihmiiofhQe,  with  its  tall  tower,  and  The  Sun 
omce.  Tfie  Wge  tutiilding  seen  at  the  head  of  the  square  is 
the  Zeitunje"  ofUct.  At  this  point  will  be  the  entrance-way  to 
the  great  Suspension  Bridge  between  New  York  and  Brook- 
lyn, now  in  process  of  construction,  at  a  cost  of  about  twenty 
millions  of  dollars. 

Thr  Scientific  Amibrican  offices  occupy  the  upper 
portions  of  die  large  building  first  mentionecji. 

The  interior  of  »ne  main  office  of  The  Scientific  Amer- 
ican (shown  on  next  page)  is  a  large  and  splendid  apart- 
ment. It  feiiiw  Uiat  subscriptions  and  advertisements  for 
The  Sci^l!<tiFtC jJmerican  are  received,  and  much  of  our 
busine|)|f<dd^  ip  connection  with  our  Patent  Agency. 

In  adiiitibn  to>  the  transaction  of  an  immense  amount  of 

f>ateiit  business.  wl»ch  comes  to  us  by  mail  and  express, 
arg^  mttnbieShi  <rf  authors  and  inventors  prefer  to  come  in 
per^i^  to  ttt^C^ccs  to  exf^ain  the  merits  of  their  improve- 
raentsf. '■'-;■:; '''\' 

In  cii^Jng  on  our  extensiye  patent  business  we  aim  to 
condu^  iri«  the  nniost  expeditious  ^d  systematic  manner. 
We :  flir^^  fts^s^d  h^  the  most  experiei^ed  examiners. and 
spedftcaHoii/i^^/  Tfi«  fltiest  mechani«fil  draughtsmen  M 
the  oountiry  prcipare  our  drawings. .  ^ 

Adjoining  our  main  office,  on  the  same  f!oor,  are  ouf 
model-rooms,  shown  in  the  engraving.     All   models   are 


! 


f 


THE   SCIENTIFIC    AMERICAN    OFFICES. 


39 


ticketed  with  the  names  of  their  owners,  and  here  carefully- 
stored  ;  no  one,  except  our  confidential  assistants  in  charge, 
being  permitted  to  enter.  All  correspondence  relating  to 
patents  is  carefully  preserved  for  a  given  time  in  large  fire- 
proof safes  of  extra  thickness. 

All  drawings  of  pending 
patent  cases  are  likewise 
preserved  in  similar  safes, 
specially  made  for  us  for 
this  purpose. 

The  utmost  care  is  taken 
to  guard  the  privacy  and 
preserve  the  safety  of  the 
manj'  thousands  of  incho- 
ate mventions  committed 
to  our  care;  and  we  may 
here  mention  with  satisfac- 
tion the  fact  that  during 
our  long  professional  ca- 
reer of  over  thirty  years, 
not  one  of  our  clients  has 
ever  found  his  confidence 
in  us  misplaced. 

The  remaining  divisions 
of  our  main  establishment 
in  New  York  are  the  ty^ie- 
room  and  the  editorial- 
rooms  where  the  interest- 
ing matter  that  fills  the 
pages  of  The  Scientific 
American  is  prepared. 
^The  printing  of  The  Scientific  American  is  done 
in  a  neighboring  building,  where  several  large  steam  presses 
are  kept  in  constant  motion,  day  and  night,  during  the  greater 
part  or  each  week,  to  work  off  our  large  edition.  After  leav- 
ing the  press  the  sheets  pass  through  a  folding-machine,  are 
by  machinery  then  trimmed,  and  then  enveloped  for  the 
mail. 

The  iaddresses  of  our  subscribers  are  printed  on  slips  of 
paper,  and,  during  the  mailing  operation,  cut  and  attached 
by  means  of  a  curious  little  instrument  to  the  separate  copies. 
Ihe  regular  combined  edition  of  The  Scientific  Ameri- 
can and  SciENTiFir  ^.merican  Supplement  at  present 
averages  sixty-five  thousand  copies,  printed  weekly.  Adver- 
tisers m  the  two  papers  may  thus  have  the  advantage  of  a 
very  largf^  circulation.  Regnlar  subscribers  receive  the  pa- 
per free  of  postage,  which  is  paid  by  us.     The  terms  of  sub- 


THB  MODEL  ROOM. 


40     OUR   BRANCH    OFFICE   IN    WASHINGTON. 


I 


scription  to  The  Scientific  American  are  $3.20  a  year. 
It  is  sold  by  single  numbers  by  all  news  dealers,  10  cents  per 
number.  Specimen  copies  can  also  be  had  by  sending  10 
cents  to  Munn  &  Co.,  37  Park  Row,  I^cw  York. 

OUR  BRANCH  OFFICE  IN  WASHINGTON. 

We  have  a  large  office  in  Washington,  located  at  the  comer 
of  F  and  Seventh  streets,  diagonally  across  the  street  from  the 
Patent  Office,  as  shown  in  the  engraving,  p.  24. 

The  first  building  on  the  right  is  the  United  States  Patent 
Office  ;  the  next  on  the  same  side  is  the  General  Post  Office : 
on  the  left  stands  The  Scientific  American  office.  Ou*- 
location  is  especially  convenient  for  'he  transaction  of  busi- 
ness. We  employ  at  Washington  a  corps  of  trained  assist- 
ants, part  of  wnom  make  iv'  their  exclusive  duty  to  watch  and 
assist  the  progress  of  our  cases  bsfore  the  Patent  Office. 
For  these  services  we  make  no  extra  charges. 

Another  division  of  our  helpers  in  Washington  devote 
themselves  to  the  preliminary  examination  of  inventions — a 
matter  that  is  explained  more  fully  on  page  17. 

It  is  to  the  systematic  method  and  abundant  supply  of 
trained  helpers,  personally  supervised  by  the  proprietors,  that 
the  long-continued  prosperity  and  remarkable  succe^^^^f  The 
Scientific  American  Patent  Agency  are  due.      ,  / 

NO  TAXES  ON  Pi^TENTS,      thr  ?r 

The  patent  and  all  its  rights  are  under  the  owner's  control ; 
and  after  a  patent  is  issued  it  is  not  subject  to  additional  pay- 
ments or  to  taxes  of  any  kind,  whether  national,  State,  or 
local. 

WILL  IT  PAY?     n^ov 

On  page  16  readers  are  informed  that  we  are  always  happy 
to  give  them  our  opinion  as  to  the  novelty  of  their  inventions, 
luithout  charge.  But  some  persons,  when  they  send  for  such 
information,  add  many  other  inquiries,  difficult  to  answer, 
and  not  included  in  our  gratuitous  invitation  ;  as  for  exam- 
ple: **What  is  it  worth?  Who  will  buy?  Will  it  pay? 
Does  it  infringe?  Does  it  conflict  with  B'spaten*^?  If  you 
will  guarantee  it  does  not  infringe,  I  will  apply  for  a  patent," 
etc. 

Ine  following  hints  may  prove  useful  as  a  sot^  of  geiieral 
answer.  '  'uj  bluow  yj 

"  What  is  it  worth  ?  Who  will  buy  ?"  As  a  general  ruie, 
an  invention  is  worth  little  or  nothing  until  the  patent  is  ob- 
tained ;  and  until  then  no  one  is  likely  to  buv.  Therefore 
the  first  thing  to  be  considered,  the  first  step  to  be  taken,  is  to 
obtain  the  patent. 


vlOTDMTHgAV/        SOUND. 


41 


"Will. it  pay?"  As  a  general  rule,  every  patentable  im- 
provement will  more  than  repay  the  small  cost  of  taking  out 
the  patent  The  sale  of  a  single  machine,  or  of  a  single  right 
of  use,  will  often  bring;  back  more  than  the  whole  outlay  for 
the  patent.  The  extent  of  profit  frequently  depends  upon  the 
business  capacity  of  the  inventor  or  his  agent.  One  man  by 
his  activity  will  make  a  fortune  from  an  unpromising  improve- 
ment, while  another,  possessing  a  brilliant  invention,  will 
realize  little  or  nothing,  owing  to  incompetence. 


re 
to 


SOUND 

Is  the  effect  produced  upon  the  ear  when  air  is  set  in  motion 
within  certain  limits  of  rapidity.  Audible  sound  begins -when 
about  thirty-two  vibrations  per  second  are  made,  and  ceases 
when  about  40,000  vibrations  per  second  are  reached.  In  an 
orgixn,  the  deepest  note  has  thirty-two  vibrations  per  second, 
the  highest,  3480.  The  compass  of  the  human  voice  is,  on  an 
average,  about  two  octaves.  Deep  F  of  a  bass  singer  has 
87  vibrations  per  second  ;  npper  G  of  treble,  775. 

The  number  of  vibrations  corresponding  with  the  middle 
C  of  a  musical  instrument  is  522  per  second.  An  octave 
below,  half  the  number ;  an  octave  above,  twice  the  number. 

Sound  travels  at  the  rate  of  iioo  feet  per  second  in  a  still 
atmosphere.  The  distance  in  feet  oetween  an  observer  and 
the  point  where  a  stroke  of  lightning  falls,  may  be  known  by 
multiplying  iioo  by  the  number  of  seconds  that  elapse  after 
the  flash  is  seen  until  the  sound  is  heard. 

Melted  snow  produces  from  3^  to  )^  of  its  bulk  in  water. 

Ocean  waves  rise  from  20  to  22  feet  in  extreme  height,  at 
which  altitude  there  are  3  in  a  mile  and  4  per  minute. 

The  highest  heat  of  a  common  wood  fire  is  estimated  at 
1140°  F. 

Nearly  all  solids  become  luminous  at  800  degrees  of 
heat  F^  »»iV 

The  force  of  expansion  of  solids  by  heat  is  enormous. 
Thus  iron,  if  heated  from  32°  F,  to  212",  expands  .0012  of  its 
lengfth,  to  produce  which  change  of  lengtn  by  mechanical 
means  would  require  a  force  of  15  tons. 

The  best  engines  and  boilers  develop  a  horse-power  per 
liour  by  the  consumption  of  two  pounds  of  coal.  But  this 
is  better  than  the  average ;  and  three  pounds  of  coal  per 
horse-power,  per  hour,  is  a  more  common  result. 


THE   PATENT    OFFICE   AT    WASHINGTON.     43 


THE  PATENT  OFFICE  AT  WASHINGTON. 

We  present  three  engravings  illustrative  of  the  Patent 
Office.  In  the  picture  given  on  page  24,  the  first  building 
seen  at  the  right  is  the  northerly  front  of  the  Patent  Office,  on 
Seventh  street,  diagonally  opposite  The  Scientific  Ameri- 
can Patent  Agency.  The  situation  of  our  premises  is  so  re- 
markably convenient  that  we  are  enabled  to  transact  a  large 
amount  of  patent  business  very  quickly.  As  all  models, 
drawings,  specifications,  trade-marks,  records  of  assignments, 
etc.,  are  deposited  in  the  Patent  Office,  we  have  access  there- 
to, on  behalf  of  our  clients,  by  simply  stepping  across  the 
street. 

Next  to  the  Patent  Office,  on  the  right,  directly  opposite 
The  Scientific  American,  is  the  General  Post  Office. 
Here  the  Postmaster-General  sits,  and  the  postal  service  of 
the  country  is  reg^ulated.  The  Post  Office  building  is  304 
feet  long  and  204  feet  wide,  Corinthian  style,  of  white 
marble. 

The  engraving  on  page  14  shows  a  full  exterior  view  of  the 
Patent  Office,  which  is  one  of  the  finest  edifices  in  Washing- 
ton, It  is  of  the  Doric  order  of  architecture,  433  feet  long, 
331  feet  wide,  75  feet  high.  The  collection  of  models  of  in- 
ventions here  gathered  is  very  remarkable,  the  aggregate 
number  being  over  two  hundred  thousand.  Nearly  twenty 
thousand  new  models  are  sent  to  the  Patent  Office  each  year. 

On  page  42  we  give  an  interior  view  of  one  of  the  great 
model-rooms  of  the  Patent  Office,  nearly  400  feet  long,  paved 
with  marble.  The  models,  it  will  be  observed,  are  deposited 
in  glass  cabinets  upon  the  main  floor  and  galleries.  The 
model-rooms  are  open  to  the  public  from  9  A.M.  to  3  p.m. 

No  printed  statement  or  recommendation  that  we  could 
present  will  convey  to  the  mind  of  the  visitor  so  adequate  and 
truthful  an  impression  of  the  magnitude  and  wonderful  suc- 
cess of  our  (Munn  &  Co.'s)  labors  in  procuring  patents  for 
inventors  as  a  walk  through  the  Patent  Office.  The  visitor 
beholds  *ier  upon  tier  of  models,  rising  on  both  sides  from 
floor  to  ceiling,  occupying  a  main  portion  of  the  entire  build- 
ing, and  finds,  on  examining  the  records,  that  every  cabinet, 
every  class  of  invention,  is  crowded  with  models  sent  from 
The  Scientific  American  Patent  Agency,  and  that  a  very 
large  portion  of  all  the  patents  granted  are  to  our  (Munn  & 
Co.'s)  cHents. 

The  number  of  persons  generally  employed  at  the  Patent 
Office  is  between  four  and  five  hundred.  The  principal 
officers  are  the  Commissioner  of  Patents,  who  is  the  execu- 
tive,  the  Assistant  Commissioner,   and  seventy  examiners.    I 


44 


THE   LARGEST    AND   BEST. 


Their  aggregate  salaries  amount  to  about  one  hundred  and 
fifty  thousand  dollars  a  year.  One  hundred  and  thirty  thou- 
sand dollars  a  year,  nearly,  are  paid  into  the  Patent  Office 
by  The  Scientific  American  Patent  Agency  alone. 

THE  LARGEST  AND  BEST. 

Now  and  then  professional  rivals,  jealous  or  unreasona- 
ble persons,  will  be  found  who  rail  about  Munn  &  Co., 
usually  because  we  transact  so  much  business  and  make 
small  charges.  These  carpers  falsely  allege  that  they  can  do 
the  business  better,  and  afford  more  time.  ,.  -,,^t  \- 

Everybody  knows,  however,  that  the  best  service  ana  the 
most  reasonable  rates  are  generally  furnished  by  large,  well- 
conducted  establishments,  and  the  patent-agency  business  is 
no  exception.  We  have  a  staff  of  trained  assistants  and 
draughtsmen ;  we  give  to  every  case  careful  study,  experi- 
enced care,  and  abundartie  of  time;  we  have  helpers  at  Wash- 
ington who  make  it  their  special  duty  to  watch  over  and 
assist  the  progress  of  our  cases  before  the  Patent  Ofiice»  give 
explanations,  and  see  that  the  best  claims  are  allowed.  No 
extra  charges  are  made  for  these  services.  Our  efforts  are 
usually  successful  and  give  general  satisfaction.  For  many 
years  we  have  secured  more  patents  for  inventors  and  done 
more  patent  business  than  the  combined  business  of  the 
majority  of  the  four  hundred  patent  agents  in  this  country. 
The  largest  proportion  of  all  the  most  valuable  and  successful 
patents  now  existing  were  obtained  through  The  Scienti- 
fic American  Patent  Agency. 

FOREIGN  PATENTS. 

The  American  patent  law  contains  a  special  provision  for 
the  benefit  of  the  inventor  in  respect  to  foreign  patents, 
namely :  It  provides  that  after  a  home  patent  is  allowed,  the 
invention  may  remain  in  the  secret  archives  of  the  Govern- 
ment for  a  period  not  exceeding  six  months,  if  the  applicant 
so  desires,  thus  enabling  him  to  arrange  for  patents  in 
foreign  countries  in  advance  of  all  other  persons. 

If  the  inventor  is  unable  to  meet  the  expenses  of  the  for- 
eign patents,  he  should  find  a  reliable  assistant  or  partner 
who  will  pay  the  costs  and  share  the  profits.  Partnerships 
of  this  kind  have  in  many  cases  proved  highly  profitable  to 
all  concerned.  Arrangements  with  one  partner  for  England, 
another  for  France,  and  so  on,  are  suggested. 

It  is  of  the  utmost  importance  to  the  interests  of  the  appli- 
cant in  taking  out  foreign  patents  that  he  should  employ 
home  agents  for  their  procurement,  who  are  well  known  for 
responsibility,   experience,   and  integrity.     He  is   thus  en- 


I ' 
I? 


nrJGREAT    BRITAIN. 


45 


abled  to  obtain  better  service  and  a  better  patent,  together 

with  prompt  information  as  to  the  condition  of  his  paten«. 

and  the  steps  necessary  for  its  preservation. 

'   '.a  yocta^A  in 

CANADA. 

The  expense  to  apply  for  a  Canadian  patent  is  fifty  dol- 
lars ($50),  which  includes  Government  tax,  agency,  and  ail 
charges  tor  five  years,  after  which  two  additional  terms  of  five 
years  each  may  be  obtained  on  payment  of  fifty  dollars  each 
— in  all  fifteen  years.  The  patent  may  be  applied  for  at  the 
outset  for  fifteen  years,  at  a  cost  of  one  hundred  dollars.  In- 
ventions that  have  been  already  patented  in  the  United 
States  for  not  more  than  one  year  may  be  secured  in  Canada 
by  the  inventor,  who  must  sign  the  papers.  If  patented  for 
more  than  one  year  in  the  United  States  thj  Canadian  pat- 
ent is  refused. 

In  order  to  apply  for  a  patent  in  Canada,  please  send  to 
us  (Munn  &  Co.)  a  description  and  drawing  of  ihe  inve  Jon, 
and  remit  $50  in  fall.  If  already  patented  in  the  United 
States,  a  copy  of  the  patent  should  be  supplied.  We  will 
then  immediately  prepare  the  documents  and  forward  them 
to  the  applicant  for  his  signature.  His  personal  presence  is 
unnecessary.  All  the  business  can  be  promptly  done  by 
correspondence.  The  time  required  to  secure  the  patent  is 
from  four  to  six  weeks ;  the  patent  is  granted  without  a 
model,  but  before  the  document  is  actually  delivered  a  small 
model  must  be  furnished.     See  page  22. 

During  the  first  year  of  a  Canadian  patent  the  holder  may 
import  the  patented  article  ready  made.  Within  two  years 
from  the  date  of  the  patent  he  must  begin  the  manufacture 
in  Canada,  ot  arra,nge  for  some  place  where  persons  wishing 
the  invention  can  order  the  same.  The  Canadian  patent 
covers  Nova  Scotia,  Prince  Edward  Island,  and  both  the 
Canadas. 

GREAT  BRITAIN. 

The  British  patent  extends  over  England,  Wales,  Scot- 
land, Ireland,  and  the  Channel  Islands,  but  not  the  Colonies  ; 
the  latter  make  their  own  patent  laws. 

The  expense  to  apply  for  an  English  patent  is  seventy-five 
dollars  ($75),  which  includes  Government  taxes,  agency,  and 
all  charges  for  the  first  period,  or  provisional  patent,  if  the 
invention  is  not  complicated.  No  models.  The  patent 
issues  to  the  first  applicant,  whether  he  be  the  inventor  or 
merely  the  introducer. 

A  second  instalment  of  $175  is  payable  in  New  York, 
three  and  a  half  months  after  the  date  of  the  provisional  pat- 


ent.  The  patent  is  then  completed  and  the  great  s^al  at- 
tached. A  third  tax  is  payable  three  years  from  date  of 
Patent  Certificate  ;  and  a  final  tax  at  the  close  of  the  seventh 
year.  The  patent  is  granted  for  fourteen  years,  but  ceases 
if  any  tax  is  not  duly  paid.  The  patentee  in  Great  Britain 
possesses  the  same  full  and  exclusive  rights  as  in  the  United 
States. 

Great  Britain  has  a  population  of  forty  millions,  and  is  one 
of  the  principal  financial,  commercial,  and  manufacturing 
centres  of  the  world.  The  importance  to  our  citijens  of  se- 
curing English  patents  for  their  new  inventions  cap  not  be 
overrated. 

FRANCE  AND  BELGIUM. 

The  cost  to  apply  for  a  French  patent  is  seventy-five  dol- 
lars ($75),  which  covers  all  expenses  until  the  patent  arrives 
in  New  York,  when  a  second  instalment  of  $25  is  pjiyable, 
making  in  all  $100  for  agency  and  Government  taxes  for  the 
first  year.  No  official  examination  is  made ;  no  model. 
The  term  of  the  patent  is  fifteen  years,  subject  to  annual 
tax  of  $20.     The  patent  ceases  when  any  due  tax  is  unpaid. 

Belgium  is  the  manufacturing  centre  for  a  large  portion  of 
the  Continent,  and  Belgian  patents  rank  among  the  most 
desirable  of  those  that  are  taken  out  by  American  citizens. 

The  expense  to  apply  for  a  Belgian  patent  is  seventy-five 
dollars  ($75).  The  law  and  proceedings  are  substantially  the 
same  as  in  France.  When  the  patent  arrives  in  New  York 
$25  more  are  payable,  the  whole  cost  being  one  hundred 
dollars.  A  small  tax  is  payable  annually.  The  longest  term 
of  the  patent  is  twenty  years. 

GERMANY  AND  OTHER  COUNTRIES. 

In  the  following  countries  the  cost  of  applying  for  the  pat- 
ent varies  with  the  period  of  the  grant,  which  may  generally 
be  from  five  to  fifteen  years,  at  the  option  of  the  applicant. 
The  costs  to  apply  for  a  patent  for  the  shortest  term  are  :  in 
Prussia,  $ioqgi  Austria,  $100;  twenty-seven  other  German 
States,  each  $100 ;  Norway,  $100 ;  Sweden,  $100 ;  Den- 
mark, $100;  Italy,  $150;  Russia,  $300 ;  Spain,  $400;  Portu- 
gal, $400.  No  patents  granted  in  Switzerland  apd  the 
Netherlands.  .  f  ,  ;?  h{<,»«  oli;  alnt)>ivr; 

Patents  are  also  granted  in  the  British  Colonies  and  seve- 
ral of  the  South  American  States. 

N.  B. — We  would  remind  all  who  desire  to  take  Forei^ 
Patents,  that  (i)  we  do  the  business  as  low  as  anybody  ;  (a) 
we  have  had  over  thirty  years'  ej^perience  ;  (3)  the  Foreign 
Patent,  when  issued,  is  noticed  without  charge  in  the  Scibn- 


HINTS   ON    THE    SALE   OF   PATENTS, 


47 


TIFIC  American,  which  has  a  large  circulation  in  Europe. 
This  publication  is  often  copied  into  other  papers,  and  in- 
variably assists  the  introduction  and  sale  of  the  patent. 

We  furnish,  y>r^,  a  pamphlet  containing  additional  particu- 
lars, and  shall  be  happy  to  give  any  other  information  that 
may  be  desired.  Address  Munn  &  Co.,  Solicitors  of  Ameri- 
can and  Foreign  Patents,  37  Park  Row,  New' York. 

HINTS  ON  THE  SALE  OF  PATENTS. 

The  original  study  and  planning  of  a  new  thing  is  usually 
a  labor  of  love  on  the  part  of  the  author.  The  work  is  suit- 
able for  the  leisure  hour,  the  winter's  evening,  the  quietude 
of  home.  The  plan  being  finished,  then  comes  the  business 
of  introduction  and  sale.  The  first  step  in  the  material  prog- 
ress of  the  invention  is  its  development  into  the  form  of  a 
public  record,  on  which  the  patent  issues.  This  business  re- 
quires experienced  skill  for  its  proper  transaction,  and  the 
inventor  will  generally  promote  his  own  interests  by  employ- 
ing trustworthy  solicitors.  Not  so,  however,  in  respect  to 
the  second  step,  namely,  the  making  of  money  out  of  the  pat- 
ent. This  is  a  commercial  proceeding,  involving  the  ordinary 
details  of  industry,  prudence,  and  care.  The  patentee  him- 
self is  generally  the  best  manager  in  this  department. 

The  first  thing  to  be  done  after  receiving  a  patent  is  to 
fnake  known  the  merits  of  the  invention  as  widely  as  possible. 
This  is  like  ploughing  and  seeding  the  ground.  If  well  done, 
the  crop  will  grow,  even  while  the  husbandman  sleeps. 

One  of  the  quickest  and  most  effective  methods  of  bringing 
the  merits  of  an  invention  before  the  public,  is  to  have  it  no- 
ticed and  engraved  in  The  Scientific  American.  This 
paper,  published  weekly,  is  seen  by  probably  not  less  than 
three  hundred  thousand  readers,  who  comprise  all  of  the  most 
intelligent  persons  of  scientific  and  mechanical  acquirements 
in  the  country.  The  fact  of  publication  in  The  Scientific 
American  is  a  passport  to  their  attention  and  favor.  "  Yes, 
that  is  a  good  invention.  I  have  seen  it  illustrated  in  The 
Scientific  American,  and  understand  its  construction.  I 
advise  you  to  purchase  the  right."  We  suppose  that  more 
patents  are  sold  upon  such  advice  than  by  all  other  agencies 
and  means  put  together. 

The  splendid  engravings  which  adorn  our  paper  are  pre- 
pared by  the  most  talented  artists.  We  are  always  glad  to 
illustrate  new  and  useful  inventions  in  The  Scientific 
American,  and,  owing  to  the  interest  which  our  readers  take 
in  such  novelties,  we  make  the  expense  to  the  patentee  as  low 


48 


HINTS   ON    THE   SALE   OF    PATENTS.. 


as  possible — generally  but  very  little  above  the  actual  cost  to 
us.     If  any  one  will  take  the  trouble  to  count  the  prubablq 
cost  to  him  of  printing  and  circulating,  by  nuiil.  a  mass  of  cir->; 
culars  containing  an  engraving  and  description  of  his  inven-' 
tion,  and  then  compare  that  cost  with  the  msigniftcanc  Agure 
he  would  have  to  pay  us  to  get  up  the  same  cut  and  descrip- 
tion, and  print  ana  circulatt  ^hy  thousand  copUs  i^itrtof  in , 
The  Scientific  American,  he  will  appreciate  the  marvel- 
lous  economy  offered  by  our  journal.     The  circular  plan 
would  cost  the  patentee  more  for  the  white  paper  alone,  than 
we  (Munn  &  Co.)  should  charge  for  the  entire  job.    After 
being  electrotyped  and  published,  the  original  blocks  are  sent 
to  the  owner,  who  can  then  use  them  for  other  papers,  cir<?u-r 
lars,  letter-heads,  bill-heads,  etc.  ^»  .^r 

Let  us  here  remind  the  inventor  that  the  value  of  property 
in  patents  is  now  far  greater  than  in  former  years,  when  the 
population  was  sparse,  and  the  demand  for  new  manufactures 
small.  Therefore  do  not  part  with  your  patent  unless  you  can 
realize  from  it  adequately.  Any  foolish  person  can  give  or 
throw  away  his  property  ;  and  we  are  sorry  to  say  that  thou- 
selnds  of  valuable  patent  privileges  are  wasted  by  their  own- 
ers for  lack  of  a  little  patience.      :; ';  x  -.r  r  _-..:-: 

In  general,  the  best  way  to  begin  is'to  manufacture  the  art!-^ 
cle,  and  also  to  grant  licenses  under  the  patent ;  unless  hand- 
somely paid,  avoid  the  sale  of  any  undivided  interest  in  the 
proprietorship  of  the  patent,  such  as  a  sixteenth,  an  eighth, 
or  a  quarter  of  the  patent.  By  even  one  such  sale,  no  matter 
how  small,  the  patentee  loses  tne  control  of  bis  patent ;  under 
the  license  plan  he  does  not.  ■    x  v:--  •tK*/:^/!. 

It  must  not  be  supposed,  because  a  patient  is  Ifranted,  that 
the  world  will  run  after  an  unknown  man  to  buy  from  him  an 
unknown  patent.  In  order  to  sell  licenses  cwr  rights  under  a 
patent,  judicious  effort  is  required  on  the  part  of  the  inventor. 
Indeed,  his  final  success  will  depend,  to  a  considerable  exy 
tent,  upon  his  business  tact  and  energy.  He  should  make 
himsell  thoroughly  conversant  with  the  merits  of  his  inven- 
tion, and  should  prepare  specimens  or  model  machines  there- 
of, made  in  the  most  perfect  manner,  so  as  reft4i^  tPr<exfaibiyt 
the  operations  of  the  impwovement  to  others;f    -^ufiSiH<{&.  r^r* 

A  very  profitable  method  of  realizing  from  a  patent  is  to 
grant  town  or  county  licenses,  employing  good  and  rrfjable 
special  agents  to  travel  about  and  sell  them.  Such  agents 
expect  to  make  money  by  the  operation,  and  generally  need 
to  nave  a  liberal  allowance  of  the  proceeds  devoted  to  their 
temuneration.  In  the  example  of  a  bee-hive  patent,  the 
l^tentee  might  issue  to  the  ag^t,  duly  signed,  a  number  of 
licenses,  not  good,  however,  until  countersigned  by  the 


HINTS   ON    THE   SALE    OF    PATENTS. 


49 


agent.     Suppose  the  price  for  a  county  is  fixed  at  ten  dollars 
per  thousand  inhabitants.      The  agent  deposits  with   the 

{)atentee  twenty-five  dollars  or  other  agreed  sum  on  each 
icense,  to  be  returned  if  he  fails  to  sell.  He,  however,  sells 
a  county  containing  ao.ooo  population  for  $200,  retains  by 
agreement  half  the  proceeds,  or  $100,  and  returns  $100  to 
the  patentee.  The  foregoing  will  be  suggestive  of  many 
other  methods  of  disposing  of  patents  by  special  agents, 
which  is  usually  the  most  lucrative  method  of  procedure. 

In  some  cases  an  excellent  method  is  to  commence  the 
manufacture  of  the  article  in  a  suitable  locality,  and  when  it 
is  so  far  under  way  as  to  exhibit  progress  and  merit,  then  to 
sell  out  the  business  with  license  under  the  patent.  This 
method  is  often  very  remunerative. 

The  patentee  may  subdivide  his  patent  into  as  many  differ- 
ent classes  of  rights  as  he  chooses,  and  sell  each  class  by 
separate  agents  or  otherwise,  as  he  prefers.  Thus,  the 
patentee  of  a  sewing-machine  may  license  one  party  to  sew 
straw  goods,  another  party  to  sew  cotton  goods,  another 
silk,  another  woollen,  etc. 

The  patentee  may,  if  he  desires,  require  purchasers  of  his 
machines  to  pay  him  a  regular  annual  rental  for  the  use  of 
the  machine,  or  a  tariff  upon  the  goods  produced,  in  addi- 
tion to  the  original  price  of  the  macnine.  Thus  in  the  case 
of  the  wood-planmg  machine  the  patentees  required,  say, 
$5000  to  be  paid  in  cash,  for  which  they  allowed  the  licensee 
to  build  one  machine  ;  and  thereafter,  for  every  foot  of  lum- 
ber planed  by  the  machine,  the  patentee  received  an  addi- 
tional payment  or  royalty. 

In  many  of  the  States  general  laws  exist  for  the  incorpora- 
tion of  manufacturing  companies  for  the  development  of 
improved  articles.  The  usual  method,  where  a  patent  is  to 
form  the  basis  of  such  a  company,  is  for  several  persons- 
three  or  more — to  unite  under  some  agreed  title,  appoint 
trustees,  president,  treasurer,  secretary,  fixing  capital  stock 
at  any  desired  sum,  say  fifty  thousand  dollars.    The  incor- 

E orators  c<mtribute  in  money  say  twenty-five  thousand  dol- 
irs,  and  take  half  of  the  stock;  and  they  issue  twenty- 
five  thousand  dollars  in  fully  paid-up  stock  to  the  paten- 
tee, who-  assigns  to  the  company  the  agreed  right  or 
license  under  the  patent.  These  companies,  if.  properly 
managed,  are  often  highly  profitable.  The  patentee  should 
see  to  it  that  the  required  amount  of  cash  capital  is  actually 
paid  up  into  the  treasury  before  delivering  his  assignment, 
thus  insuring  the  effe  iive  working  of  the  invention.  Several 
distinct  companies  may  be  organised  in  this  manner,  in  dif- 
ferent placaes,  on  the  basis  of  one  good  patent. 


1 


so 


PROFESSIONAL   PATRNT-SELLERS. 


The  license  and  royalty  plan  is  often  a  mtyit  pfbfltable 
method  of  employing  patents.  This,  in  effect,  involves  a 
sort  of  contract  between  a  patentee  and  a  partner  or  manu- 
facturer, by  which  the  latter,  in  consideration  of  license  to 
make  *^e  thing,  agrees  to  pay  to  the  patentee  a  specified 
sum  I  each  article  maae  or  sold.    The  patentee  of  the 

chimi  y -spring,  now  so  commonly  used  to  fasten  glass 
chimneys  upon  lamps,  was  accustomed  to  grant  licenses  to 
manufacturers  on  receiving  a  royalty  of  a  few  cents  per 
dozen.  His  income  was  at  one  time  reported  to  be  fifty 
thousand  dollars  a  year  from  this  source.  Howe,  the  inven- 
tor of  the  sewing-machine,  received  a  royalty  of  from  five  to 
ten  dollars  on  each  machine,  and  his  annual  income  was 
estimated  at  five  hundred  thousand  dollars.  Goodyear,  the 
inventor  of  vulcanized  rubber,  divided  his  patent  up  into 
many  different  rights,  licensing  one  company  for  manufac- 
turing rubber  combs,  another  for  hose-pipes,  another  for 
shoes,  another  for  clothing,  another  for  wringers,  etc.  Each 
company  or  partner  paid  a  tariff.  Lyall,  inventor  of  the 
continuous  loom,  has  in  like  manner  divided  his  patent  into 
many  ferent  rights  :  one  company  weaves  carpets,  another 
corse  nother  bags,  another  sheetings,  and  so  on.  He 
enjoys  t...  enormous  income  from  his  mvention.  We  might 
give  many  similar  examples.  '^''^'  "*/" 

Licenses,  shop  rights,  rights  of  use,  if  not  exclusive,  need 
not  be  recorded  at  Washington.  But  a  grant  of  an  exclusive 
territorial  right,  or  of  an  undivided  interest  in  a  patent, 
should  be  recorded.  The  business  may  be  quickly  done 
through  Messrs.  Munn  &  Co.     See  page  27. 

PROFESSIONAL  PATENT-SELLERS. 


No  sooner  does  any  person's  name  appear  in  print  as  the 
patentee  of  a  new  invention,  than  he  receives,  by  mail,  a 
shower  of  letters  and  circulars,  from  individuals  who  set  forth 
that  they  have  remarkable  faciHlies  for  the  selling  of  patents. 
The  patentee  is  invited,  if  he  wants  to  realize  immediately, 
say  one  thousand,  two  thousand,  or  ten  thousand  dollars,  to 
signify  his  desire  to  that  effect,  and  send  forward  to  the  agent 
a  small  advance  fee.  Thus,  instead  of  helping  the  patentee  to 
obtain  money,  they  begin  by  drawing  money  from  him  ;  upon 
this  they  live  and  flourish.  We  are  often  asked  if  these  peo- 
ple, who  so  pressingly  and  plausibly  claim  to  be  able  to  sell 
patents,  are  reliable,  and  whether  they  ever  effect  sales.  We 
regret  to  be  obliged  to  say  that  we  seldom  or  never  hear  of 
their  making  any  sales.  There  are  twenty  thousand  new 
applicants  for  patents  every  year,  from  whom  these  pretend- 
ing sellers  obtain  money.     They  busy  themselves  in  writing 


pq'.TtH71QLD    THE    FORT, 


51 


letters  to  inventors  and  in  working  them  up  to  the  remitting 
point,  but  have  no  time  left  for  the  drudgery  of  patent-selling 
even  if  they  had  any  ability  in  that  direction.  There  is  nu 
trickery  too  low  for  some  of  these  sellers :  one  concern,  for 
example,  has  gone  so  far  as  to  imitate  and  adopt  our  long- 
established  iirm  name  of  Munn  &  Co.  But  we  do  not  sell; 
patents,  nor  have  we  connection  with  any  concern  that  pre- 
tendsi  io  to  do.  The  truth  is.  that  the  profit  upon  the  sales  of 
a  sin|;le  good  patent  is  equivalent  to  a  fortune,  and  the  busi- 
ness It  furnishes  is  enough  to  fully  engage  the  attention  of 
many  persons.  Our  advice  to  patentees  is :  Take  hold 
yourselves  of  the  business  of  selling.  If  you  want  assistance, 
search  for  suitable  agents  among  your  friends,  and  mterest 
t^eni.spt^^ially  in  your  invention. 

^Jniair  HOLD    THE  FORT. 

If  yoi;  have  made  an  invention  for  which  you  desire  to  se- 
cure a  patent,  but  lack  the  necessary  funds,  do  not  for  that 
reason  be  so  foolish  as  to  ^ve  or  to  throw  away  the  discovery  ; 
do  not  part  with  any  considerable  portion  for  a  pittance  ;  do 
not/ as  is  so  commonly  the  case,  promise  or  convey  a  half  or 
any  undivided  portion  of  the  improvement.  1?  you  are 
pii^ched  for  money  you  can  generally,  by  patience  and  perse- 
verance, obtain  tne  use  of  the  small  sum  required,  by  explain- 
ing tjhe  merits  of  the  invention  to  intelligent,  reliable  persons 
in  yjour  vicinity.  To  the  party  who  is  disposed  to  make  the 
desired  loan,  the  grant  of  a  privilege  for  a  town  or  county 
will  generally  be  a  satisfactory  recompense,  especially  if  he 
believes  that  it  will  really  assist  you  in  the  further  develop- 
ment of  your  invention.  The  following  conveyance  will,  in 
general,  be  anniple  in  sUch  fcases  :  •  -  r  • 

"  Whereas  I,  Richard  Roe,  of  Wyoming,  County  of  Mo- 
hawk, State  of  New  York,  have  invented  a  new  and  useful 
iinprovenjen^  in  mu:^ical  instruments,  for  which  I  am  about 
to  apply  tor  letters-patent ;  and  whereas  John  Doe,  of  Wyo- 
ming, ^evy^^ork,  hath  advanced  to  me  the  sum  of  one  hun- 
dred dollars  fpwards  the  expenses  of  said  patent : 

"Now  this  indenture  witnesseth,  that  for  and  in  considera- 
tion; bf  said  payirient  to  me  made,  I  do  hereby  grant  and  con- 
vey to  the  Sf^id  John  Doe,  his  heirs  or  assigns,  a  license  to 
make,  u.sqi  a^nd  sell  the  invention,  within  the  limits  of  the  Coun- 
ty of  Mpnawk,  State  of  New  York,  for  and  during  the  full 
end  of  the  terrn  for  which  said  letters-patent  are  or  may  be 
granted.  ^Vitness  my  hand  and  seal,  this  first  day  of  January, 
4D,.  187^,;  ■'■■  .,.,,,  ,  J 

>  In  presence  6f  '  .f/  Richard  Roe. 

•^-■i^m!Ln^,'^' ■■■--,     -     ,-^"^' 


hi 


^Q^rl 


;:ain£irii  yaud  vtjril 


52     STATE  LAWS  CONCERNING  PATENT-RIGHTS. 

STATE  LAWS  CONCERNING  PATENT-RIGHTS. 

In  some  of  the  States,  laws  have  been  passed  by  which 
patentees  or  their  agents  who  o^er patent-rights  ior  sale,  with- 
out complying  with  certain  State  regulations,  are  made  liable 
to  fine  and  imprisonment. 
#  The  United  States  Court,  in  the  case  of  John  Robinson, 
held  that  this  kind  of  legislation  is  unauthorized,  that  prop- 
erty in  inventions  exists  by  virtue  of  the  laws  of  Congress, 
and  that  ro  State  has  a  right  to  interfere  with  its  enjoyment,  or 
annex  conditions  to  the  grant.  If  the  patentee  complies  with 
the  laws  of  Congress  on  the  subject,  he  has  a  right  to  go  into 
the  open  market  anyv/here  within  the  United  States  and  sell 
his  property.  If  this  were  not  so,  a  State  might  nullify  the 
laws  of  Congress  and  destroy  the  powers  conferred  by  the 
Constitution. 

All  laws  of  State  legislatures  that  in  any  manner  interfere 
with  the  free  sale  of  patent-rights,  such  as  the  requiring  of  the 
agent  or  patentee  to  file  copies  of  patent,  take  licenses,  pro- 
cure certificates,  comply  with  forms,  or  which  release  the 
payee  of  ordinary  notes  of  hand  given  for  patents,  have  been 
declared  unconstitutional  and  void  by  the  United  States 
Courts. 

All  State  judges,  sheriffs,  or  other  State  officials  who  under- 
take to  interfere  with  patentees  or  their  agents  in  the  free  sale 
of  patents,  make  themselves  liable  in  damages  and  other 
punishment. 

The  decisions  of  the  United  States  Courts  on  these  points 
are  given  in  Scientific  American  Supplement,  >jo.  25. 
Price  10  cents.  To  be  had  at  Scientific  American  Office, 
37  Park  Row,  and  at  any  news  store. 

The  above  decisions  apply  only  to  the  sale  of  patents  and 
rights  under  patents,  not  to  the  peddling  of  goods  or  t^e  sale 
of  manufactured  articles.  All  citizens  of  the  United  States 
must  comply  with  the  usual  local  license  laws  concerning  the 
sale  of  goods,  whether  the  goods  are  patented  or  not.  But 
no  State  can  lawfully  enact  a  special  law  adverse  to  the  sale 
of  patented  goods,  or  impose  any  special  restriction,  tax,  or 
fine  upon  persons  who  go  about  to  s»  •!  patepte4;.gpcKis  or 
patented  articles  of  any  description.  ..-;  :     i-r 

Platinum  has  been  drawn  into  wires  only  one  thirty- 
thousandth  (auioir)  part  of  an  inch,  invisible  to  the  eye,  and 
one  mile's  length  weighing  only  one  grain. 

A  cubic  foot  of  air  weighs  535  grains.  Water  is  815 
times  heavier  than  air.  A  cubic  foot  of  water  weighs  62+  Ibi  , 
a  gallon  8^  lbs. 


HOia-Tvrao 


'^'iALfe 


S   OF   PRACTTCE. 


53 


.(.-^(,;f   'hnm  fnr:  .        ABSTRACT 
'^/    "'■  FROM   THE 

RULES   OF   PRACTICE 

IN    THE 


if. 


jp 


UNITED  STATES  PATENT  OFFICE. 


.pjnniat  isnc 


•♦* 


WHO    MAY    OBTAIN    A    PATENT. 

Any  pefsdn,  whether  citizen  or  alien,  being  the  original 
and  first  inventor  or  discoverer  of  any  new  and  useful  art, 
machine,  manufacture,  or  composition  of  matter,  or  any  new 
and  useful  improvement  thereof,  may  obtain  a  patent  for  his 
invention  or  discovery,  subject  to  the  conditions  hereinafter 
named. 

In  case  of  the  death  of  the  inventor,  the  patent  may  be  ap- 
plied for  by,  and  will  issue  to,  his  executor  or  administrator. 
In  case  of  an  assignment  of  the  whole  interest  in  the  inven- 
tion, or  of  the  whole  interest  in  the  patent  if  granted,  the 
f)aten\:  will  issue  to  the  assignee,  upon  the  request  of  the 
atter,  or  his  assignor;  and  so,  if  the  assignee  holds  an  un- 
divided part  interest,  the  patent  will,  upon  a  similar  request, 
issue  jomtly  to  him  and  the  inventor ;  but  the  assignment 
must  first  have  been  entered  of  record,  and  at  a  day  not  later 
than  the  date  of  the  payment  of  the  final  f'^e.  The  applica- 
tion and  oath  must  be  made  by  the  actual  inventor,  if  alive, 
even  if  the  patent  is  to  issue  to  an  assignee ;  but  where  the 
inventor  is  dead,  the  application  and  oath  must  be  made  by 
his  executor  or  administrator. 

Joint  inventors  are  entitled  to  a  joint  patent ;  neither  can 
claim  one  separately ;  but  the  independent  inventors  of  sep- 
arate and  independent  improvements  in  the  same  machine 
can  not  obtain  a  joint  patent  for  their  separate  inventions ; 
nor  does  the  fact  that  one  man  furnishes  the  capital  and  the 
other  makes  the  invention  entitle  them  to  make  application 
as  joint  inventors. 


54 


RULES   OF   PRACTICE. 


A  patent  will  not  be  granted  to  an  applicant  if  what  he 
claims  as  new  has  been,  before  his  invention,  patented  or  de- 
scribed in  any  printed  publication  in  this  or  any  foreign  coun- 
try, or  been  invented  or  discovered  in  this  country,  nor  if  he 
has  once  abandoned  his  invention,  nor  if  it  has  been  in  pub- 
lic use  or  on  sale  more  than  two  years  previous  to  his  appli- 
cation. 

If  it  appears  that  the  inventor,  at  the  time  of  making  his  ap- 
plication, believes  himself  to  be  the  first  inventor  or  discoverer, 
a  patent  will  not  be  refused  on  account  of  the  invention  or 
diocoverjr,  or  any  part  thereof,  having  been  known  or  used  in 
any  foreign  coimtry  before  his  invention  or  discovery  th.-^reof, 
it  not  appearing  that  the  same,  or  any  subptantial  part 
thereof,  had  before  been  patented  or  described  in  any  printed 
publication. 

Merely  conceiving  the  idea  of  an  improvement  or  machine 
is  not  an  " invention"  or  "discovery."  The  invention  must 
have  been  reduced  to  a  practical  form,  either  by  the  construc- 
tion of  the  machine  itself  or  by  such  disclosure  of  its  exact 
character  that  a  mechanic,  or  one  skilled  in  the  art  to  which 
it  relates,  can  and  does  construct  the  improvement  before  it 
will  prevent  a  subsequent  inventor  from  obtaining  a  patent. 

No  application  for  a  patent  will  be  regarded  as  complete, 
or  be  placed  upon  the  files  for  examination,  until  the  fee  is 
paid,  the  specification,  the  petition,  and  the  oath,  projjerly 
signed,  are  filed,  and  the  drawings  and  a  model  or  specimens 
(when  required)  are  furnished. 

Two  or  more  separate  and  independent  inventions  can  not 
be  claimed  in  one  application  •  but  where  several  distinct  in- 
ventions are  dependent  upon  each  other  and  mutually  con- 
tribute to  produce  the  new  result,  they  may  be  so  claimed. 


DRAWINGS. 

The  applicant  for  a  patent  is  required  by  law  to  furnish  a 
drawing  of  his  invention,  where  the  nature  of  the  case  admits 
Oi  \t.  The  following  rules  will  therefore  be  rigidly  enforced, 
and  any  departure  from  them  will  be  certain  to  cause  delay 
in  the  examination  of  an  application  for  letters-patent : 

a.  Drawings  should  be  made  upon  paper  stiff  enough  to 
stand  in  the  portfolios,  the  surface  of  which  must  be  calen- 
dered and  smooth.  Indian  ink,  of  good  quaUty,  to  vhe  ex- 
clusion of  all  other  kinds  of  ink  or  color,  must  be  employed, 
to  secure  perfectly  black  and  solid  work. 

d.  The  size  of  a  sheet  on  which  a  drawing  is  made  should  be 
exactly  lo  by  15  inches.   One  inch  from  its  edges  a  single  mar- 


RULES   OF   PRACTICE. 


55 


ginal  line  is  to  be  drawn,  leaving  the  "  sight"  precisely  8  by 
13  inches.  Within  this  margin  all  work  and  signatures  must 
be  included.  One  of  the  smaller  sides  of  the  sheet  is  regard- 
ed as  its  top,  and,  measuring  downward  from  the  marginal 
line,  a  space  of  not  less  than  i  %  inches  is  to  be  left  blank 
for  the  insertion  of  title,  name,  number,  and  date. 

c.  All  drawings  must  be  made  with  the  pen  only,  using  the 
blackest  Indian  ink.  Every  line  and  letter  (signatures  in- 
cluded) must  be  absolutely  black.  This  direction  applies  to 
all  lines,  however  fine,  to  shading,  and  to  lines  representing 
cut  surfaces  in  sectional  views.  All  lines  must  be  clean, 
sharp,  and  solid,  and  they  must  not  be  too  fine  or  crowded. 
Surface  shading,  when  used,  should  be  left  very  open.  Sec- 
tional shading  should  be  by  oblique  parallel  lines,  which  may 
be  about  one  twentieth  of  an  inch  apart. 

d.  Drawings  should  be  made  with  the  fewest  lines  possible 
consistent  with  clearness.  By  observing  this  rule  the  effec- 
tiveness of  the  work  after  reduction  will  be  much  increased. 
Shading  (except  on  sectional  views)  should  be  used  only  on 
convex  and  concave  surfaces,  where  it  should  be  used  spar- 
ingly, and  may  even  there  be  dispensed  with  if  the  drawing 
is  otherwise  well  executed.  The  plane  upon  which  a  sectional 
view  is  taken  should  be  indicated  on  the  general  view  by  a 
broken  or  dotted  line.  Heavy  lines  on  the  shade  sides  of 
objects  should  be  used,  except  where  they  tend  to  thicken  the 
work  and  obscure  letters  of  reference.  The  light  is  always 
supposed  to  come  from  the  upper  left-hand  corner,  at  an  angle 
of  forty-five  degrees.  Imitations  of  wood  or  surface-graining 
should  not  be  attempted. 

e.  The  scale  to  which  a  drawing  is  made  ought  to  be  large 
enough  to  show  the  mechanism  without  crowding,  and  two 
or  more  sheets  should  be  used  if  one  does  not  give  sufficient 
room  to  accomplish  this  end ;  but  the  number  of  sheets 
must  never  be  increased  unless  it  is  absolutely  necessary. 
It, often  happens  that  an  invention,  although  constituting 
but  a  small  part  of  a  machine,  has  yet  to  be  represented  in 
connection  with  other  and  much  larger  parts.  In  such  cases 
a  general  view  on  a  small  scale  is  recommended,  with  one  or 
more  of  the  invention  itself  on  a  much  larger  scale. 

f.  Letters  of  reference  must  be  well  and  carefully  formed ; 
they  are  of  the  first  importance.  When  at  all  possible,  no 
letter  of  reference  should  measure  less  than  one  eighth  of  an 
inch  in  height,  that  it  may  bear  reduction  to  one  twenty-fourth 
of  an  inch,  and  they  may  be  much  larger  when  there  is  suffi- 
cient room. 

Reference  letters  must  be  so  placed  in  the  close  and  com- 
plex parts  of  drawings  as  not  to  interfere  with  a  thorough 


S6 


RULES  OF 


PRACTICE.'^ 


n] 


~fm 


;i.  J, 


comprHbrnsion  of  the  same,  and  to  this  «|hd  shotild  rafely 
cross  or  mingle  with  the  lines.  When  necessarily  gtbuped 
around  a  certain  part,  they  should  be  placed  at  a  little  dis- 
tance, where  there  is  available  space,  and  connected  by  short 
broken  lines  with  the  parts  to  which  they  refer.  They  must 
never  appear  upon  shaded  surfaces,  and,  when  it  is  dlifficult 
to  avoid  this,  a  blank  space  must  be  left  in  the  shading  where 
the  letter  occurs,  so  that  it  shall  appear  perfectly  distinct  and 
separate  from  the  work.  If  the  same  part  of  an  invention 
appears  in  more  than  one  figure,  it  should  ^Iways  be  repre- 
sented by  the  same  letter.  N/    .., 

The  foregoing  rules  relating  to  drawings  will  be  rigidly 
enforced ;  and  all  drawing  not  artistically  executed  in  con- 
formity therewith  will  be  returned  to  the  respective  applicants, 
or,  at  the  applicant's  option  and  cost,  the  Office  will  make 
the  necessary  corrections. 

All  reissue  applications  must  be  accompanied  by  new 
drawings,  as  in  original  applications,  and  the  inventor's 
name  must  appear  in  all  cases  upon  the  same^  q  *)/!} 


'<T";rv 


MODELS. 


As  a  rule,  a  model  will  not  be  dispensed  with  except  by 
recommendation  of  the  examiner.  It  must  clearly  exhibit 
every  fec.*nre  of  the  machine  which  forms  the  subject  of  a 
claim  of  invei^tion,  but  should  not  include  other  matter  than 
that  covered  by  the  actual  invention  or  improvement,  unless 
it  is  necessary  to  the  exhibition  of  a  working  model.  The 
model  must  be  neatly  and  substantially  made  of  durable 
material,  metal  being  deemed  preiferable  j  and  should  not  in 
any  case  be  more  than  one  foot  in  length,  width,  or  height. 
If  made  of  pine  or  other  soft  wood,  it  should  be  painted, 
stained,  or  varnished.  Glue  must  not  be  used,  but  the  parts 
should  be  so  connected  as  to  resist  the  action  of  heat  or 
moisture.  When  the  invention  is  a  composition  of  matter,  a 
specimen  of  the  composition,  properly  marked,  must  accom- 
pany the  application.  Specimens  of  the  separate  ingredients, 
if  ordinary  and  well  known,  need  not  be  furnished,  unless 
the  Office  disputes  their  operation  in  the  manner  as  stated 
by  applicant. 

THE    OFFICIAL    EXAMINATION. 

All  cases  in  the  Patent  Office  arc  classified  and  taken  up 
for  examination  in  regular  order ;  thos«  in  the  same  class 


,'  1 


1 


RULES   OF   PRACTICE. 


57 


being  examined  and  disposed  of,  as  far  as  practicable,  in  the 
order  in  which  the  respective  applications  are  completed. 
When,  however,  the  invention  is  deemed  of  peculiar  imp>ort- 
ance  to  some  branch  of  the  public  service,  and  when,  for  that 
reason,  the  head  of  some  Department  of  the  Government 
specially  requests  immediate  action,  the  case  will  be  taken 
up  out  of  its  oi:der.  These,  with  applications  for  extensions, 
for  reissue,  and  for  letters-patent  for  inventions  for  which  a 
foreign  patent  has  already  been  obtained,  which  cases  have 
precedence  over  all  others,  are  the  only  exceptions  to  the 
above  rule  in  relation  to  the  order  of  examination, 

INTERFERENCES. 

An  "interference"  is  a  proceeding  instituted  for  the  pur- 
pose of  determining  the  question  of  priority  of  invention  be- 
tween two  or  more  parties  claiming  the  same  patentable 
subject-matter.  It  may  also  be  resorted  to  for  the  purpose  of 
procuring  evidence  relating  to  the  alleged  a,baijdonment  or 
the  public  use  of  an  invention,  v-    >  -   -7:  ■ 

An  interference  will  be  declared  in  the  fotTowIng  cases  : 

First.  When  two  or  more  parties  have  applications  pend- 
ing before  the  Office  at  the  same  time,  and  their  respective 
claims  conflict  in  whole  or  in  part. 

Second.  When  two  or  more  applications  are  pending  at 
the  same  time,  in  each  of  which  a  like  patentable  invention 
is  shown  or  described,  and  claimed  in  one  though  not  spe- 
cifically claimed  in  all  of  them.  V;  :' 

Third.  When  an  applicant,  having  been  rejected  upon  ati' 
unexpired  patent,  claims  tQ  have  made  the  invention  before 
the  patentee.  . 

The  fact  that  one  of  the  parties  has  already  obtained  a 
patent  will  not  prevent  an  interference;  for,  although  the 
Commissioner  has  no  power  to  cancel  a  patent  already 
issued,  he  may,  if  he  finds  that  another  person  was  the 
prior  inventor,  give  him  a  patent  also,  and  thus  place  both 
parties  on  an  equal  footing  before  the  courts  and  tn6  public. 

xm-::-J,y.ix^  iiii:  iuq:.  REISSUES. 

A  Treisstii^'  is '  granted  to  the  original  patentee,  his  legal 
representatives,  or  the  assignees  of  the  entire  interest,  when, 
by  reason  of  a  defective  or  insufficient  specification,  or  by 
reason  of  the  patentee  claiming  as  his  invention  or  discovery 
more  than  he  had  a  ri^jht  to  claim  as  new.  the  original  pat- 
ent is  inoperative  or  mvalid,  provided  the  error  has  ansen 
from  inadvertence,  accident,  or  mistake,  and  without  any 
fraudulent  or  deceptive  intention.    In  the  cases  of  patents 


i 


058 


RULES  OF   PRAqTICE. 


j> 


issued  and  assigned  prior  to  July  8, 1870,  the  application  for 
reissue  may  be  made  by  the  assignee;  but,  m  the  case  of 
patents  issued  or  assigned  since  that  date,  the  application 
must  be  made  and  the  specification  sworn:  to  by  the  inventor, 
^i^he  be  living. 

'  ,'\'The  general  rule  is,  that  whatever  is  really  embraced  in 
the  original  invention,  and  so  described  or  shown  that  it 
might  have  been  embraced  in  the  original  patent,  maybe  the 
subject  of  a  reissue ;  but  no  new  matter  shall  be  introduced 
into  the  specification,  nor  shall  the  model  or  drawings  be 
amended  except  each  by  the  other ;  but,  when  there  is  neither 
model  nor  drawing,  amendments  may  be  made  upon  proof 
satisfactory  to  the  Commissioner  that  such  new  matter  or 
amendment  was  a. part  of  the  original  invention,  and  was 
omitted  from  the  specification,  by  inadvertence,  accident,  or 
mistake,  as  aforesaid. 

''l^eissued  patents  expire  at  the  end  of  the  term  for  which 
the  original  patent:^  were  granted.  For  this  reason  applica- 
tions for  reissue  will  take  precedence,,  in i.;(examination,pf 
original  applications. ,  .      *'  ^  r  -i'  ■■• 

A  patentee  in  reissuing  may,  at  his  option,  have  a  separate 
patent  for  each  distinct  and  separate  part  of  the  invention 
comprehended  in  his  original  patent,  by  paying  the  required 
fee  in  each  case,  and  complying  with  the  other  requirements 
of  the  law,  as  in  original  apphcations.  Each  division  of  a 
reissue  constitutes  the  subject  of  a  separate  specrfication  de- 
scriptive of  the  part  or  parts  of  th?,  invention  claimed  in  such 
division  ;  and  the  drawing  may  represent  onljr  sijch  part  or 
parts.  All  the  divisions  of  a  reissue  will  issue  sjraultaneouslv. 
if  there  be  controversy  as  to  one,  the  otlic^s  iWiU  ^  wj^liel4 
from  issue  until  the  controversy  is  end^d,;;  fVi,';^  t,.  t  ;;*  :?  >  : 

In  all  ca,ses  of  applica;tions  fo^  rei^i^ues,  the  priginal  claim, 
if  reproduced  in  the  aim  ended  specification,  is  subject  to  re- 
examination, and  may  be  revised  and  restricted  in  the  same 
manner  as  in  origiiial  applicatiopsi  The  appjicatipn  for  a 
reissue  must  be  accompanied  by  a  surrender  of  the  original 
patent,  or,  if  lost,  then  by  an  affidavit  to  that  effect  and  a 
certified  copy  of  the  patent ;  but  if  any  reissue  be  ^eifused,  th^ 
original  patent  will,  upon  request,  be  retume^.to  j^hq  applir 
cant.  ,'   .  .  .,  ,,^      .,  ,ziu)hqhoi'.fih  io.-ji 

^IVhen  the  design  can  be  sufficiently  represented  by  dfaw-  • 
iifi^gs  or  photographs  a  model  v/ill  not  be  required. 

Whenever  a  photograph  or  an  engraving  is  employed  to 
illustrate  the  design,  it  must  be  mounted  upon  a  thiclc  Bristol- 
board' or  drawing-paper,  ten  by  fifteen  inches  in  size;  and 


t: 


RULES   OF   PRACTICE. 


59 


the  applicant  will  be  required  to  furnish  ten  extra  copies  ol 
such  photograph  or  engraving  (not  mounted),  of  a  size  not 
exceeding  seven  and  a  half  inches  by  eleven. 

Whenever  the  design  is  reprc  sented  by  a  drawing,  each  of 
the  ten  copies  must  be  made  to  conform  as  nearly  as  possible 
to  the  rules  laid  down  for  drawings  of  mechanical  inventionF. 

ASSIGNMENTS. 

A  patent  or  trade-mark  may  be  assigned,  either  as  to  the 
whole  interest  or  any  undivided  part  thereof,  by  an  instru- 
ment of  writing.  No  particular  form  of  words  is  necessary 
to  constitute  a  valid  assignment,  nor  need  the  instrument 
necessarily  be  sealed,  witnessed,  or  acknowledged. 

In  every  Case  where  it  is  desired  that  the  patent  shall  isslie 
to  an  assignee,  the  assignment  must  be  recorded  Jn  the 
Patent  Office  at  a  date  not  later  than  the  day  on  which  the 
final  fee  Is  paid. 

A  patentee  may  not  only  assign  the  whole  or  an  undivided 
interest  in  his  patent,  but  he  may  grant  and  convey  an  exclu- 
sive right  under  his  patent  to  the  whole  or  any  specified  por- 
tion of  the  United  States  by  an  instrument  in  writin^^. 

Every  assignment  or  grant  of  an  exclusive  territorial  right, 
as  well  as  of  an  interest  in  a  patent  or  trade-mark,  must  be 
recorded  in  the  Patent  Office ;  if  a  patent,  within  three 
months,  if  a  trade-mark,  within  sixty  days,  from  the  execu- 
tion thereof ;  otherwise  it  will  be  void  as  against  any  subse- 
quent purchaser  or  mortgagee  for  a  valuable  consideration, 
without  notice. 

The  patentee  may  convey  separate  rights  under  his  patent 
to  make  or  to  use  or  to  sell  his  invention,  or  he  may  convey 
territorial  or  shop  rights  which  are  aot  exclusive.  Such  con- 
veyances are  mere  licenses,  and  need  not  be  recorded. 

The  receipt  of  assignments  is  not  generally  acknowledged 
by  the  Patent  Office  ;  they  will  be  recorded  in  their  turn  within 
a  few  days  after  their  reception,  and  then  transmitted  to  the 
person  entitled  to  them. 

The  Patent  Office  can  not  respond  to  inquiries  as  to  the 
novelty  of  an  alleged  invention  in  advance  of  an  application 
for  a  patent,  nor  to  inquiries  founded  upon  brief  and  irnper- 
fect  descriptions,  propounded  with  a  view  of  ascertaining 
whether  such  alleged  improvements  have  been  patented,  and 
if  so,  to  whom  ;  nor  can  it  act  as  an  expounder  of  the  patent 
law,  nor  as  counsellor  for  individuals,  except  as  to  questions 
arising  within  the  Office. 


I 


66 


FORMS. 


\ 


A-^U 


attorneys; 


Any  person  of  intelligence  and  good  moral  character  may 
apiiear  as  the  agent  or  the  attorney  in  fact  of  an  applicant, 
upon  filing  a  proper  power  of  attomev.  As  the  value  of  pat- 
ents depends  larj^ely  upon  the  careful  preparation  of  the  spe- 
cification and  claims,  the  assistance  of  competent  counsel  will, 
in  most  cases,  be  of  advantage  to  the  applicant,  but  the  value 
of  their  services  will  be  proportioned  to  their  skill  and  hon- 
esty. So  many  persons  have  entered  this  profession  of  late 
years  without  experience  that  too  much  care  can  not  be  exer- 
cised in  the  selection  of  a  competent  man.  The  Patent  Office 
can  riot  assume  responsibilitv  for  the  acts  of  attorneys,  nor 
can  it  assist  applicants  in  making  a  selection.  It  will,  how- 
ever, be  a  safe  rule  to  distrust  those  who  boast  of  the  posses- 
sion of  special  and  peculiar  facilities  in  the  Office  for  pyrocur- 
in^  patents  in  a  shorter  time  or  with  more  extended  claims 
than  others.  ^ 


-♦♦- 


i- 


irjrtr-.'f/. 


i 

i 

i  ,! 


.;riuj.rq  FORMS.  . /odK  !»♦!)  ni  li^sisju 


,    FORMS  pw,  PET1T10H9^  f  jQi^  ^ArBUT^ru-.tth^':  ' 

1  "  By  a  Sole  Imenibh  ^^^''i'         ;  mof 

\Ta  thi  Commissiomr  of  Patents  :  n;  inonr^vgjT'T., 

!    Your    petitioner,  a  resident  of— •,  ^— ^^^-.'-f^^ttf^  'thtit 

lejtters-patent  be  granted  to  him  for  the  inventibn  set  forth  in 
the  annexed  specification.  r.vni  ^uu,^  ^^h  io!  mn.!* 

Ic  u'j-;ji;5.>-.:it:  15).  ■■        ^       .n'-'fA"'   ft 


A\  .k 


A.  B. 


JSy  yoint  Inventors. 

To  the  Commissioher  of  Patents  7 

\   Your  petitioners,  residing   respectively  in  .  ^  .»«..t^.>>.  ^,,^,  k^\ 

and  '■^— — — ,  — ' -,  pray  that  letters-patent  may  be  granted 

to  them^as  joint  Ihveiitors,  for  the  inx^ntion  set  forth  in  the 
annexed  specification.      -i  5/  ^"-v }>'•>..; 
i   b\r,.xn^m  m\i  m  i^.ivS\    :   '.  ,■-■.■       bjni^i^o  hr^sx  v.  A.  B. 
^  >v  -■   c.  D. 


h--a 


iOsiAadUUMa 


I'V 


FORMS. 


6i 


By  an  Inventor  for  Himself  and  an  Assignee, 

To  the  Commissioner  of  Patents  :  _  i*   i  —  ^ ,  vi- 

Your  petitioner,  a  resident  of ,  prays  thai  letters-pat- 
ent may  be  granted  to  himself  and  C.  D.,  of ,  as  his 

assignee,  for  the  invention  set  forth  in  the  annexed  specifica- 
tion, the  assignment  to  the  said  C.  D.  having  been  duly 
recorded  in  the  Patent  Office,  in  libei;  -7,  page  — .      A.  B. 

r  .\    -  For  a  Reissue t  (by  the  Inventor.) 

To  the  Commissioner  of  Patents  : 

Your  petitioner,  of — , — ,  prays  that  he  may  be 

allowed  to  surrender  the  letters-patent  for  an  improvement  in 
coal-scuttles,  granted  to  him  May  16,  187  .whereof  he  is  now 
JBole  owner,  [or,  "  whereof  C.  D.,  on  whose  behalf  and  with 
whose  assent  this  application  is  made,  is  now  sole  owner,  by 
assignment,"!  and  that  letters-patent  may  be  reissued  to  him,, 
[or,  "  the  said  C.  D.,"]  for  the  same  invention,  upon  the  an- 
nexed amended  specification.  Accompanying  this  petition  is 
an  abstract  of  title,  duly  certified,  as  required  in  such  cases. 
j  A.  B. 

Assent  of  Assignee  to  Reissue. 

;  The  undersigned,  assignee  of  the  entire  [or  an  undivided] 
interest  in  the  above-mentioned  leitters-patent,  hereby  assents 
io  the  accompanying  application.  C.  D. 

I  For  a  Reissue,  {by  Assignee^ 

(To  be  used  only  when  the  inventor  is  dead,  or  the  original 
I      patent  Was  issueid  and  assigtied  priof  to  Jiily  8,  1870.) 

tTo  the  Commissioner  of  Patents  : 

\   Your  petitioners,  of  th^  eitypf-i- -,  State  of ,  pray 

that  they  may  be  allowed  to  surrender  the  letters-patent  for  an 
improvement  in  coal-scuttles,  granted  May  16,  187  ,  to  E.  F.,. 
how  deceased,  whereof  they  are  now  owners,  by  assignment, 
of  th^  entire  intcjrest, ,  and  the  lettcrsrpatent  may  be  reissued 
to  them  for  the  same  invention,  upon  the  annexed  amended 
speci$c9tion.  Accompanying  this  petition  is  an  abstract  of 
title,  duly  certified,  as  re;£iuired  in  sucl^, cases.  A.  B. 

I  For  Letters-Patent  for  a  Design, 

To-the<Jop^mission.eraf  Patents  : 

Your   petitipner,    residing    in  t— — ^*—^. — ^,  prays  that 
letters-patent  may  be  granted  to  him  for  the  terra  of  threq 
and  one  half  years  [or  "seven  years,"  or  ''iourteen  years^'l, 
for  the  new  and  original  design  set  forth  in  the  annexed 
specrfic^on.  .  _  A.  B. 


i.UJ.-i..  ii-    -, 


r...i 


^ 


^ 


FORMS. 


.For  the  Registration  of  a  T^a^e-Mark, 

TV?  the  Commissioner  of  Patents  : 

•  Your  petitioners  respectfully  represent  that  the  firm    of 
A.  B.,  C.  D,  &  Co.  is  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  woven 

fabrics  at , ,  and  at , ,  and  that  the 

said  fifm  is  entitled  to  the  exclusive  use,  upon  the  class  of 
goods  which  they  manufacture,  of  the  trade-mark  described  in 
the  annexed  statement  or  specification,  [and  accompanying 
fac-simile.'] 

They  therefore  pray  that  they  may  be  permitted  to  obtain 
protection  for  such  lawful  trade-mark  under  the  law  i^  such 
qases  made  and  provided.. 


•)7., 


\V^-    •■.']/; 


A.  B.,  C.  D.  &  Co., 
By  A.  B. 


Petition  with  Power  of  Attorney. 

Tdt  the  Commissioner  of  Patents  : 

-Your  petitioner,  a  resident  of  the  city  of  — ; ,  State  of: 

— ,  prays. that  letters-patent  may  be  4  anted  to  him  for' 

t|i^  inyei]Ltion  set  forth  in  the  annexed  SP^cjfication ;  and  he 

l^ereiby  appoints  CD.,  of  the  city  of -.'.., '../State  of — , ; 

I  his  attorney,  with  full  power  of  substitution  and  reyocation,^ 
;  to  prosecute  this  application,  to  make  alterations  and"  amend-* 
ments    therein,  to  receive  the  patent,    and  to  transact  all 
business  in  the  Patent  Office  connected  therewith. 


Y  a  '.■■ 


.^>', 


Po2aer  of  Attorney. 


*"If  the  power  of  attorney  be  given  at  anytime  other  than  • 
thUt  of  makiftg  application  for  patent,  it  Will  be  in  substan- 
tially t?r6^  following  form  :  "  ' '^!  *-'- 
to  the  Commissioner  of  Patents :               '"^^  *\      ,    —       •''*~''^! 

The  underiSigned  havmg,  on  or  about  the  20th  day  of  July, 
187, ,  made  application  for  letters-patent  for  an  improvement 
in  3, ,  horse-power  hereby  appoints  C.  D.,  of  the  city  of 
-*— — ,  State  of  — ,  his  attorney,  with  fulLpower  of  sub- 
stitution arid  revocation,  to  prosecute  said  application,  to. 
make  alterations  and  amendments  therein,  to  receive  the 
patent,"  and  to  transact  all  business  in  the  Patent  Office  con-^ 
nected  therewith. 

Signed  at  ■ ,  and  State  of—— — ,   this day  of* 

I  ■^nr-fi-i^y8-»v^-  ■'  •  A.  B.    ' 


■rr 


■  f- 


FORMS. 


63 


Revocdtion  of  Power  of  Attorney. 

The  undersigned  having,  on   6f   about  the  26th  day  of 

December,  187  ,  appointed  C.  D.,  of  the  city  of ,  anc} 

State  of  — — — ,  his  attorney  to  prosecute  an  application  for 
letters  pat-jnt,  made  on  or  about  the  ist  day  of  June,  1868, 
f6r  an  improvement  in  the  running-gear  of  wagons,  her(^^ 
revokes  the  power  of  attorney  then  given.  m<  a-  ,'h< ..  .r. 

Signed  at -, ,  this  21st  day  of  July,  187  .  iii.j.i' 

mi?A<\fy  n^  h'^YA<M-y)„     SPECIFICATION.  ^/r 

To  all  whom  it  may  concern  :     ' 

Be  it  known  that  I,  [here  insert  the  name  of  the  inventor,] 

of ,  in  the  county  of ,  and  State  of ,  have 

invented  a  new  and  useful  improvement  in  saw-toothing 
machines,  which  improvement  is  fully  set  forth  in  the  follow- 
ing specification,  reference  being  had  to  the  accompanying 
drawings:  , 

The  object  of  my  invention  is  to  rapidly  form,  on  the  blade 
of  a  hand-saw,  teeth  gradually  decreasing  in  size  from  the 
broad  to  the  narrow  end  of  tiic  ulade,  by  the  combination,  in 
a  $aw -toothing  machine,  6f  a  tapering  barrel,  E,  and  a 
chain,  or  its;  equivalent,  with  rollers,  a  <2',  for  feeding,  or 
with  a  slide  for  carrying  the  blade  A,  as  shown  in  the  per- 
spective view.  Fig.  J,  of  the  accompanying  drawing. 

The  machine  is  illustrated  more  in  detail  in  the  plane  view. 
Fig.  3,  and  in  the  veiftical  section,  Fig.  2,  in  which  it  has  not' 
been  deemed  necessary  to  show  the  driving  mechanism. 
The  blade  is  held  by  and  between  the  two  upper  rollers  a  d 
(the  Utter  being  a  feed  roller),  and  two  lower  rollers  b  b\  and 
is  m  ide  to  traverse  in  the  direction  of  the  arrow,  at  a  gradually 
decreasing  speed,  by  causing  a  barrel,  D,  to  unwind  a  chain 
or  its  equivalent  from  a  tapering  barrel,  E,  on  the  shaft  B.  The 
several  shafts  have  their ,  bearings  in  a  simple  frame,  H,  the 
front  portion  h  of  the  latter  forming  a  table,  which,  in  con- 
junction with  the  lower  rollers,  supports  the  blade,  as  the* 
lattet^  is  tattised  tb  travefse  with  its  edges  in  contact  with,  the 
adjustable  jgiiidesy^,  on  the  frame.  In  this  table  is  a  fixed 
die  or  anvu,  f,  on  which  the  blade  bears,  and  in  which  is  a 
triangttlar  i|otch,  correspondin|f  in  shape  to  a  punch,  e,  on  a 
rapioly  reVt>lving  disk,  G.     '■'  j' '   ,i?/f  k  >■/  aiijro^/j; 

As  the  blade  moves  at  a  gfadually  decreasing  speed  in  the 
direction  of  the  arrow,  the  punch  wfll  strike  triangular  pieces 
ffom  its  edge,  and  the  result  will  be  the  formation  of  the  de* 
sired  graduate-^  teeth. 

It  will  be  evident  that  the  driving-barrel,  D,  may  be  taper- 
ing, and  the  barrel,  E,  cylindrical,  or  that  both  barrels  may 


64 


FORMS. 


be  tapering,  and  arranged  to  feed  gradually  faster  instead  of 
gradually  slower,  with  the  same  result,  and  that  the  blade 
may  be  clamped  to  a  guided  sliding-bed,  controlled  by  a  ta- 
mpering barrel  and  cord  or  chain. 

I  claim  as  my  invention — 

The  combination  in  a  saw-toothing  machine,  substantially 
as  described,  of  a  tapering  barrel  and  chain,  with  a  roller  for 
feeding  the  blade.  A.  B. 

Witnesses :  C.  D. 
E.  F. 

AFFIDAVIT  OF   INVENTION. 


State 
A.  B. 


OF 


By  a  Sole  Inventor, 
(To  follow  specification.) 
County  of- 


ss. 


the  above-named  petitioner,  being  duly  sworn  (or 
affirmed),  deposes  and  says  that  he  verily  felieves  himself  to 
be  the  original  and  first  inventor  of  the  improvement  in  seed- 
drills  described  and  claimed  in  the  foregoing  specification  ; 
that  he  does  not  know  and  does  not  believe  that  the  same 
was  ever  before  known  or  used ;  and  that  he  is  a  citizen  of 
,  and  a  resident  of .       ^t  y"J-J^'>J  't  .'>v.     a.  B. 

Sworn  to  and  subscribed  before  me  this  13th  day  of  March, 
187  .  CD.,  Justice  of  ike  Peace. 

[If  the  applicant  be  an  alien,  the  sentence  "  and  that  he  is 
a  citizen  of  the  United  States"  will  be  omitted,  and  in  lieu 
thereof  will  be  substituted  "  and  that  he  is  a  citizen  of  the 
Republic  cf  Mexico,"  or  "and  that  he  is  a  subject  of  the 
King  of  Italy,"  or  "of  the  Queenof  Great  Britain,"  or  as  the 
case  may  be.   ^.j, .,,, , 

If  the  applicaiits  claim  \6\itj6inf  inventors,  the  oath  will 
read  "that  they  verily  believe  themselves  to  be  the  original, 
first,  and  joint  inventors,"  etc.  x-'^a^h  a-A',  .m  vw. 

If  the  inventor  be  dead,  the  oath  will  btf  takert  by  the  ad- 
ministrator or  executor,  and  will  declare  his  belief  that  the 
party  named  as  inventor  was  the  original  and  first  inventor.] 

Trade- Mark  Affidavit,]  Xnoin^^fii^ 


■lfA\ 


Cottnty  of- 


55, 


a 


■:i  u. 


f, 


State  of 

A.   B.,  being  duly  sworn,  deposes  and  says 
member  of  the  firm  of  A.  B.,  C.  D.  &  Co.,  above 


thdt  he  is  a 
named : 


that  he  verily  believes  that  said  firm  has  the  right  to  the  use 
of  the  trade-mark  described  in  the  foregoing  specification, 
and  that  no  other  person,  firm,  or  corporation  has  the  right 
to  such  use,  either  in  the  identical  form  or  having  such  near 
resemblance  thereto  as  might  be  calculated  to  deceive ;  and 


rORMS. 


65 


that  the  description  and  lac-simile  presented  for  record  are 
true  copies  of  the  trade-mark  sought  to  be  protected,  and 

Jthat  he  resides  in ,  and  all  the  other  members  of  the 

firm  reside  at  ,  in  the  State  of ;  and  that  they 


are  all  domiciled  in 


and  are  citizens  of  ■ 


A.  B. 


Sworn  to  and  subscribed  before  me  this  15th  day  of  July, 
187  .  E.  F.,  Justice  of  the  Peace. 

PETITION    FOR    CAVEAT. 

The  petition  of  A.  B.,  of ,  in  the  county  of J 

and  State  of ,  respectfully  represents  : 

That  he  has  made  certain  improvements  in  velocipedes,' 
and  that  he  is  now  engaged  in  making  experiments  for  the 

fmrpose  of  perfecting  the  same,  preparatory  to  applying  for 
etters-patent  therefor.  He  therefore  prays  that  the  subjoined 
description  of  his  invention  may  be  filed  as  a  caveat  in  the 
confidential  archives  of  the  Patent  Office.  A.  B. 

.  SPECIFICATION   (/or  Cawfl/).         •->>:: 

The  following  is  a  description  of  my  newly-invented  veldd- 
pede,  which  is  as  full,  clear,  and  exact  as  I  am  able  at  this 
time  to  give,  reference  being  had  to  the  drawing  hereto  an- 
nexed. 

This  invention  relates  to  that  class  of  velocipedes  in  which' 
there  are  two  wheels  connected  by  a  beam  forming  a  saddle 
for  the  rider,  the  feet  being  applied  to  cranks  that  revolve  the 
front  wheel. 

The  object  of  my  invention  is  to  render  it  unnecessary  io 
turn  the  front  wheel  so  much  as  heretofore,  and  at  the  same 
time  to  facilitate  the  turning  of  sharp  curves.  This  I  accom- 
plish by  fitting  the  front  and  the  hind  wheels  on  vertical  piv- 
Qts,  and  connecting  them  by  pieans  of  a  diagonal  bar,  as 
shown  in  the  drawing,  so  that  the  turning  of  the  front  wheel 
also  turns  the  back  wheel  with  a  position  at  an  angle  with  the 
beams,  thereby  enabling  it  easily  to  turn  a  curve. 

In  the  drawing,  A  is  the  front  wheel,  B  the  hind  wheel,  arid 
C  the  standards  extending  from  the  axle  of  the  front  wheel 
to  the  vertical  pivot  a  in  the  beam  b,  and  D  is  the  cross-bar 
upon  the  end  oia,  by  which  the  steering  is  done.  The  hind 
wheel  B  is  also  fitted  with  jaws  c  and  a  vertical  pivot,  //. 
,  .Witnesses;  C.  D.  A.  fi.    ; 

•  -  •  ^   Y.  •  '•-^-^?:    ' 

.  f  The  form  of  oath  will  be  substantially  that  provided  fdr 
original  applications,  except  that,  as  a  caveat  can  only  bei 
filed  by  a  citizen,  or  an  alien  who  has  resided  for  one  year! 
last  past  in  the  United  States,  and  made  oath  of  his  intention! 
to  becoine  a  citizen,  the  oath  should  be  modified  accordingly.]! 


66 


FORMS. 


ASSIGNMENTS. 

0/  an  undivided  Fractional  Interest  in  an  Inven- 
vit  f'-  Hon  before  the  Issue  of  Letters-Patent. 

In  consideration  of  one  dollar,  to  me  paid  by  C.  D.,  of 
I  do  hereby  sell  and  assign  to  said  C.  D.  an  undi- 


vided half  of  all  my  right,  title,  and  interest  in  and  to  a  cer- 
tain invention  in  ploughs,  as  fully  set  forth  and  described  in 
the  specification  which  I  have  prepared  [if  the  apphcation 
has  been  already  made,  say  "  and  filed  "]  preparatory  to  ob- 
taining letters-patent  of  the  United  States  therefor.  And  I 
do  hereby  authorize  and  request  the  Commissioner  of  Pat- 
ents to  issue  the  said  letters-patent  jointly  to  myself  and  the 
said  C.  D.,  our  heirs  and  assigns. 

Witness  my  hand  and  seal  this     th  day  of  February,  187 


In  presence  of 


,  A.  B. 


Of  the  Entire  Interest  in  Letters- Patent, 

In  consideration  of  five  hundred  dollars,  to  me  paid  by 

C.   D.,  of ,  I  do  hereby  sell  and  assign  to  the  said 

C.  D.  all  my  right,  title,  and  interest  in  and  to  the  letters- 
patent  of  the  United  States  No.  41,806,  for  an  improvement 
in  locomotive  head-lights,  granted  to  me  July  30,  187  ,  the 
same  to  be  held  and  enjoyed  by  the  said  C.  D.  to  the  full 
end  of  the  term  for  which  said  letters-patent  are  granted,  as 
fully  and  entirely  as  the  same  would  have  been  held  and  en- 
joyed by  me  if  this  assignment  and  sale  had  not  been  made. 

Witness  my  hand  and  seal  this       th  day  of  January,  187  . 

In  presence  of  A.  B. 

Of  an  Undivided  Interest  in  the  LetterS'Patent  and 

Extension  thereof. 

In  consideration  of  one  thousand  dollars,  to  me  paid  by 

C.  D.,  of ,  I  do  hereby  sell  and  assign  to  the  said  C.  D. 

one  undivided  fourth  part  of  all  my  right,  title,  and  interest 
in  and  to  the  letters-patent  of  the  United  States  No.  10,485, 
for  an  improvement  in  cooking-stoves,  granted  to  me  May 
16,  187  ;  the  same  to  be  held  and  enjoyea  by  the  said  C.  D. 
to  the  full  end  of  the  term  for  which  said  letters-patent  are 
granted,  and  for  the  term  of  any  extension  thereof,  as  fully 
and  entirely  as  the  same  would  have  been  held  and  enjoyed 
by  me  if  this  assignment  and  sale  ha-'  not  been  made. 

Witness  my  hand  and  seal  this        th  day  of  June,  187  . 

In  presence  of  A.  B. 


FORMS. 


H 


Exclusive  Territorial  Grant  by  an  Assignee, 

In  consideration  of  one  thousand  dollars,  to  mc  paid  by 

C.  D.,  of ,  I  do  hereby  grant  and  convey  to  the  said 

C.  D.  the  exclusive  right  to  make,  use,  and  vend  within  the 
State  of ,  and  in  no  other  place  or  places,  the  improve- 
ment in  corn-planters  for  which  letters-patent  of  the  United 
States,  dated  August  15,  187  ,  were  granted  to  E.  P'.,  and  by 
said  E.  F.  assigned  to  me  December  3,  1P7  ,  by  an  assign- 
ment duly  recorded  in  liber  X',  p.  416,  of  tne  records  of  the 
Patent  Office,  the  same  to  be  held  and  enjoyed  by  the  said 
C.  D.  as  fully  and  entirely  as  the  same  would  have  been  held 
and  enjoyed  by  me  if  this  grant  had  not  been  made. 

Witness  my  hand  and  seal  this        th  day  of  March,  187  .    * 

A.    B.      > 

License — Shop-Right , 

In  consideration  of  fifty  dollars  to  me  paid  by  the  firm  of 

S.  J.  &  Co.,  of ,  I  do  hereby  license  and  empower  the 

said  S.  J.  &  Co.  to  manufacture,  at  a  single  foundry  and  ma- 
chine-shop in  said ,  and  in  no  other  place  or  places, 

the  improvement  in  cotton-seed  planters  for  which  letters- 
patent  of  the  United  States  No.  71,846  were  granted  to  me 
November  13,  187  ,  and  to  sell  the  machines  so  itianufactured 
throughout  the  United  States  to  the  full  end  01'  the  term  for - 
which  said  letters-patent  are  granted. 

Witness  my  hand  and  seal  this        d  day  of  April,  187  , 

A.  B. 
License — not  exclusive — luith  Royalty. 

This  agreement,  made  this  12th  day  of  September,  187   , 

between  A.  B.,  of ,  party    of  the  first  part,    and   the 

Uniontown  Agricultural  Works  of ,  party  of  the  second 

part,  witnesseth,  that,  whereas  letters-patent  of  the  United 
States  for  an  improvement  in  horse-rakes  were  granted  to  the 
party  of  the  first  part,  dated  October  4,  187  ;  and  whereas 
the  party  of  the  second  part  is  desirous  of  manufacturing 
horse-rakes  containing  said  patented  improvement  :  now, 
therefore,  the  parties  have  agreed  as  follows  :  .  r 

I.  The  party  of  the  first  part  hereby  licenses  and  empowers 
the  party  of  the  second  part  to  manufacture,  subject  to  the 

conditions  hereinafter  named,  at  their  factory  in ,  and 

in  no  other  place  or  places,  to  the  end  of  the  term  for  which 
said  letters-patent  were  granted,  horse-rakes  containing  the 
patented  improvements,  and  to  sell  the  same  within  the 
United  States.  "aai'W  ' 

II.  The  party  of  the  second  part  agrees  to  make  mil  and 


68 


FORMS. 


true  returns  to  the  party  of  the  first  part,  under  oath,  upon 
the  first  days  of  July  and  January  in  each  year,  of  all  horse- 
rakes  containing  the  patented  improvements  manufactured 
by  them. 

III.  The  party  of  the  second  part  agrees  to  pay  to  the  party 
of  the  first  part  five  dollars,  as  a  license-fee  upon  every 
horse-rake  manufactured  by  said  party  of  the  second  part 
containing  the  patented  improvements;  provided,  that  if  the 
said  fee  be  paid  upon  the  days  provided  herein  for  semi-an- 
nual returns,  or  within  ten  days  thereafter,  a  discount  of  fifty 
per  cent  shall  be  made  from  said  fee  for  prompt  payment. 

IV,  Upon  a  failure  of  the  party  of  the  second  part  to  make 
returns,  or  to  make  payment  of  license-fees,  as  herein  pro- 
vided, for  thirty  days  after  the  days  herein  named,  the  party 
of  the  first  part  may  terminate  this  license  by  serving  a  written 
notice  upon  the  party  of  the  second  part ;  but  the  party  of  the 
second  part  shall  not  thereby  be  discharged  from  any  liabil- 
ity to  the  party  of  the  first  part  for  any  license-fees  due  at  the 
time  of  the  service  of  said  notice. 

In  witness  whereof  the  parties  above  named  (the  said  Un- 
iontown  Agricultural  Works,  by  its  president)  have  hereunto 
set  their  hands  the  day  and  year  first  above  written. 

In  presence  of  A.  B. 

U.  A.  W, 

Transfer  of  a  Trade-Mark. 

We,  A.  B.  and  C.  D.,  of ,  partners  under  the  firm 

name  of  B.  &  D.,  in  consideration  of  five  hundred  dollars  to 
us  paid  by  E.  F.,of  the  same  place,  do  hereby  sell,  assign, 
and  transfer  to  the  said  E.  F.  and  his  assigns  the  exclusive 
right  to  use  in  the  manufacture  and  sale  of  stoves  a  certain 
trade-mark  for  stoves  deposited  by  us  in  the  United  States 
Patent  Office,  and  recorded  therein  July  15,  1870;  the  same 
to  be  held,  enjoyed,  and  used  by  the  said  E.  F.,  as  fully  and 
entirely  as  the  same  would  have  been  held  and  enjpypd  by 
us  if  this  grant  had  not  been  made.  hixr. 

Witness  our  hands  this  20th  day  of  July,  187  .loi-v^nrj, 
In  presence  of  '  .  A»  B. 

CD. 


Messrs.  Munn  &  Co.,  37  Park  Row,  New  York,  make  it  a 
part  of  their  business  to  prepa»"e  and  put  on  record  assign- 
ments and  agreements  relating  to  patents,  trade-marks, 
copyrights,  etc. 


PATENT    LAWS   OF    1874. 


69 


THE 


PATENT    LAWS 


OF  THE 


UNITED   STATES. 

REVISED    STATUTES,    FORTY-THIRD   CONGRESS,  AP- 
PROVED JUNE  22,  1874. 


.-•-•-•- 


ORGANIZATION  OF  THE  PATENT  OFFICE— SALARIES — 
POWERS  OF  THE  COMMISSIONER— PRINTING  OF  PAT- 
ENTS,  ETC. 

Title  XL,  Rev.  Stat.,  sec.  440,  p.  74: 
T^^ere  shall  be  in  the  Department  of  the  Interior 
In  the  Patent  Office  : 

One  chief  clerk,  at  a  salary  of  two  thousand  five  hundi'^d 
dollars  a  year. 

One  examiner  in  charge  of  interferences,  at  a  salary  of  two 
thousand  five  hundred  dollars  a  year. 

One  examiner  in  charge  of  trade-m*rks,  at  a  salary  of  two 
thousand  five  hundred  dollars  a  year. 

Twenty-four  principal  examiners,  at  a  salary  of  two  thou- 
sand five  hundred  dollars  a  year  each. 

Twenty-four  first  assistant  examiners,  at  a  salary  of  one 
thousand  eight  hundred  dollars  a  year  each. 

Twenty-four  second  assistant  examiners  (two  of  whom  may 
be  women),  at  a  salary  of  one  thousand  six  hundred  dollars  a 
year  each. 

Twenty-four  third  assistant  examiners,  at  a  salary  of  one 
thousanci  four  hundred  dollars  a  year  each. 

One  librarian,  at  a  salary  of  two  thousand  dollars  a  year. 

One  machinist,  at  a  salary  of  one  thousand  six  hundred 
dollars  a  year. 

Three  skilled  draughtsmen,  at  a  salary  of  one  thousand 
two  hundred  dollars  a  vear  each. 


1     *  .: 


70 


PATENT    LAWS   OF    1874. 


}r. 


••-r, ■■•.*■•  ''!"•-*; 


it  ~^,-> 


Thirty-five  copyists  of  drawings,  at  a  salary  of  one  thou- 
sand dollars  a  year  each. 

One  messenger  and  purchasing  clerk,  at  a  salary  of  one 
thousand  dollars  a  year.  .  rnO  )n^l»)'l  <  ';  "]  ' 

One  skilled  laborer,  at  a  salary  of  one  tnoiisana  two  niin- 
dred  dollars  a  year. 

^    Eight  attendants  in  the  model-room,  at  a  salary  of  one 
thousand  dollars  a  year  each. 

Eight  attendants  in  the  model-room,  at  a  salary  of  nine 
hundred  dollars  a  year  each. 

Sec.  475.  There  shall  be  in  the  Department  of  the  Interior 
an  office  known  as  the  Patent  Office,  where  all  records,  books, 
models,  drawings,  specifications,  and  other  papers  and 
things  pertaining  to  patents  shall  be  safely  kept  and  pre- 
served. 

Sec.  476.  There  shall  be  in  the  Patent  Ofiice  a  Commis- 
sioner of  Patents,  one  Assistant  Commissioner,  and  three 
examiners-in-chief,  who  shall  be  appointed  by  the  President, 
by  and  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  Senate.  .AH  other 
officers,  clerks,  and  employes  authorized  by  law  for  the  Office 
shall  be  appointed  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior,  upon  the 
nomination  of  the  Commissioner  of  Patents. 

Sec.  477.  The  salaries  of  the  officers  mentioned  in  the  prt^ 
ceding  section  shall  be  as  follows  : 

The  Commissioner  of  Patents,  four  thousand  five  hundred 
dollars  a  year. 

The  Assistant  Commissioner  Qf,.Pa,tents, ,  tl^iree ,  thousand 
dollars  a  year.         ;    ,  ;      ,     rf  .     ,:;;      -^    ,     ;  r  i^-i-r-- 

Three  examiners-in-chief,  three  thousand  dollars  a  year 
each. 

Sec.  478.  The  seal^,;heretofore  provided  for  the  Patent 
Office  shall  be  the  seal  of  the  Office,  with  which  letters-patent 
and  papers  issued  from  the  Office  shall  be  authenticated. 

Sec.  479.  The  Commissioner  of  Patents  and  the  chief 
clerk,  before  entering  upon  their  duties,  shall  severally  give 
bond,  with  sureties,  to  the  Treasurer  of  the  United  States, 
the  former  in  the  sum  of  ten  thousand  dollars,  and  the  latter 
in  the  sum  of  five  thousand  dollars,  conditioned  for  the  faith- 
ful discharge  of  their  respective  duties,  and  that  they  shall 
render  to  the  proper  officers  of  the  Treasury  a  true  account  of 
all  money  received  by  virtue  of  their  offices. 

Sec.  480.  All  officers  and  employes  of  the  Patent  Office 
shall  be  incapable,  during  the  period  for  which  they  hold 
their  appointments,  to  acquire  or  take,  directly  or  indirectly, 
except  by  inheritance  or  bequest,  any  right  or  interest  in  any 
patent  issued  by  the  Office. 

Sec.  481.  The  Commissioner  of  Patents,  under  the  direc- 


1 


PATENT    LAWS   OF    1874. 


71 


tion  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior,  shall  superintend  or  per- 
form all  duties  respecting  the  granting  and  issuing  ot  patents 
directed  by  law ;  and  he  shall  have  charge  of  all  books, 
records,  papers,  models,  machines,  and  other  things  belong- 
ing to  the  Patent  Office. 

Sec.  482.  The  examiners-in-chief  shall  be  persons  of  com- 
petent legal  knowledge  and  scientific  ability,  whose  duty  it 
shall  be,  on  the  written  petition  of  the  appellant,  to  revise 
and  determine  upon  the  vahdity  of  the  adverse  decisions  of 
examiners  upon  applications  for  patents,  and  for  reissues  of 
patents,  and  in  interference  cases;  and,  when  required  by 
the  Commissioner,  they  shall  hear  and  report  upon  claim's 
for  extensions,  and  perform  such  other  like  duties  as  he  may 
assign  them. 

Sec.  483.  The  Commissioner  of  Patents,  subject  to  the 
approval  of  the  Secretary  of  the  interior,  may  from  time  to 
time  establish  regulations,  not  inconsistent  with  law,  for  the 
conduct  of  proceedings  in  the  Patent  Office. 

Sec.  484.  The  Commissioner  of  Patents  shall  cause  to  be 
classified  and  arranged  in  suitable  cases,  in  the  rooms  and 
galleries  provided  for  that  purpose,  models,  specimens  of 
composition,  fabrics,  manufactures,  works  of  art,  and  designs, 
which  have  been  or  shall  be  deposited  in  the  Patent  Office  ; 
and  the  rooms  and  galleries  shall  be  kept  open  during  suit- 
able hours  for  public  inspection. 

Sec.  485.  Tne  Commissioner  of  Patents  may  restore  to 
the  respective  applicants  such  of  the  models  belonging  to 
rejected  applications  as  he  shall  not  think  necessary  to  be 
preserved,  or  he  may  sell  or  otherwise  dispose  of  them  after 
the  application  has  been  finally  rejected  for  one  year,  paying 
the  proceeds  into  the  Treasury,  as  other  patent  moneys  are 
directed  to  be  paid. 

Sec.  486,  There  shall  be  purchased  for  the  use  of  the 
Patent  Office  a  library  of  such  scientific  works  and  periodi- 
cals, both  foreign  ana  American,  as  may  aid  the  officers  in 
the  discharge  of  their  duties,  not  exceeding  the  amount 
annually  appropriated  for  that  purpose. 

Sec.  487.  For  gross  misconduct  the  Commissioner  of 
Patents  may  refuse  to  recognize  any  person  as  a  patent 
agent,  either  generally  or  in  any  particular  case ;  but  the 
reasons  for  such  refusal  shall  be  duly  recorded,  and  be  sub- 
ject to  the  approval  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior. 

Sec.  488.  The  Commissioner  of  Patents  may  require  all 

papers  filed  in  the  Patent  Office,  if  not  correctly,  Jegibly,  and 

clearly  written,  to  be  printed  at  the  cost  of  the  party  filing 

them. 

Sec.  489.  The   Commissioner  of  Patents   may  print,  or 


72 


PATENT    lXWS   of    1 874. 


cause  to  be  printed,  copies  of  the  claims  of  current  issues, 
and  copies  of  such  laws,  decisions,  regulations,  and  circulars 
as  may  be  necessary  for  the  information  of  the  public. 

Sec.  490.  The  Commissioner  of  Patents  is  authorized  to 
have  printed,  from  time  to  time,  for  gratuitous  distribution, 
not  to  exceed  one  hundred  and  fifty  copies  of  the  complete 
specifications  and  drawings  of  each  patent  hereafter  issued, 
together  with  suitable  indexes,  one  copy  to  be  placed  for 
free  public  inspection  in  each  capitol  of  every  State  and 
Territory,  one  for  the  like  purpose  in  the  clerk's  office  of 
the  di;  rict  court  of  each  judicial  district  of  the  United 
States,  except  when  such  offices  are  located  in  State  or 
Territorial  capitols,  and  one  in  the  Library  of  Congress, 
which  copies  shall  be  certified  under  the  hand  of  the  Com- 
missioner and  seal  of  the  Patent  Office,  and  shall  not  be 
taken  from  the  depositories  for  any  other  purpose  than  to  be 
used  as  evidence. 

Sec.  491.  The  Commissioner  of  Patents  is  authorized  to 
have  printed  such  additional  numbers  of  copies  of  specifica- 
tions and  drawings,  certified  as  provided  in  the  preceding 
section,  at  a  price  not  to  exceed  the  contract  price  for  such 
drawings,  for  sale,  as  may  be  warranted  by  the  actual 
demand  for  the  same  ;  and  he  is  also  authorized  to  furnish 
a  complete  set  of  such  specifications  and  drawings  to  any 
public  library  which  will  pay  for  binding  the  same  into 
volumes  to  correspond  with  those  in  the  Patent  Office,  and 
for  the  transportation  of  the  same,  and  which  shall  also 
provide  for  proper  custody  for  the  same,  with  convenient 
access  for  the  public  thereto,  under  such  regulations  as  the 
Commissioner  shall  deem  reasonable. 

Sec.  492.  The  lithographing  and  engraving  required  by 
the  two  preceding  sections  shall  be  awarded  to  tne  lowest 
and  best  bidders  for  the  interest  of  the  Government,  due 
regard  being  paid  to  the  execution  of  the  work,  after  due 
advertising  by  the  Congressional  Printer  under  the  direction 
of  the  Joint  Committee  oii  Printing ;  but  the  Joint  Commit- 
tee on  Printing  may  empower  the  Congressional  Printer  to 
make  immediate  contracts  for  engraving,  whenever,  in  their 
opinion,  the  exigencies  of  the  public  service  will  not  justify 
waiting  for  advertisement  and  award  ;  or  if,  in  the  judgment 
of  the  Joint  Committee  on  Printing,  the  work  can  be  per- 
formed under  the  direction  of  the  Commissioner  of  Patents 
more  advantageously  than  in  the  manner  above  prescribed, 
it  shall  be  so  done,  under  such  limitations  and  conditions  as 
the  joint  Committee  on  Printing  may  from  time  to  time  pre- 
scribe. 

Sec.  493.  The  price  to  be  paid  for  uncertified  printed 


PATENT    LAWS   OP    1874. 


73 


copies  of  specifications  and  drawi  gs  of  patents  shall  be  de- 
termined by  the  Commissioner  of  Patents,  within  the  limits 
of  ten  cents  as  the  minimum  and  fifty  cents  as  the  maximum 
price. 

Sec.  494.  The  Commissioner  of  Patents  shall  lay  before 
Congress,  in  the  month  of  January,  annually,  a  report, 
giving  a  detailed  statement  of  all  moneys  received  for  pat- 
ents, for  copies  of  records  or  drawings,  or  from  any  other 
source  whatever ;  a  detailed  statement  of  all  expenditures  for 
contingent  and  miscellaneous  expenses  ;  a  list  of  all  patents 
which  were  granted  during  the  preceding  year,  designating 
under  proper  heads  the  subjects  of  such  patents  ;  an  alpha- 
betical list  of  all  the  patentees,  with  their  places  of  resi- 
dence ;  a  list  of  all  patents  which  have  been  extended  during 
the  year;  and  such  other  information  of  the  condition  of 
the  Patent  Office  as  may  be  useful  to  Congress  or  the  public. 

Sec.  495.  The  collections  of  the  Exploring  Expedition, 
now  in  the  Patent  Office,  shall  be  under  the  care  and  man- 
agement of  the  Commissioner  of  Patents. 

Sec.  496.  All  disbursements  for  the  Patent  Office  shall 
be  made  by  the  disbursing  clerk  of  the  Interior  Depart- 
ment. 

Title  XIII.,  Rev.  Stat.,  p.  168: 

Sec.  571.  [Refers  to  jurisdiction  of  certain  district  courts.] 
Sec.  629.  Clause  9.  [The  circuit  courts  have  original  juris- 
diction] of  all  suits  at  law  or  in  equity  arising  under  the 
patent  or  copyright  laws  of  the  United  States. 
Sec.  892.  Written  or  printed  copies  of  any  records,  books, 

f)apers,  or  drawings  belonging  to  the  Patent  Office,  and  of 
etters  patent  authenticated  by  the  seal  and  certified  by  the 
Commissioner  or  Acting  Commissioner  thereof,  shall  be 
evidence  in  all  cases  wherein  the  originals  could  be 
evidence ;  and  any  person  making  application  therefor,  and 
paying  the  iee  required  by  law,  shall  have  certified  copies 
thereof.  -'^  5.:!i<'| 

Sec.  893.  Copies  of  the  sp>ecifications  and  drawings  of 
foreign  letters-patent,  certified  as  provided  in  the  preceding 
section,  shall  be  prima-facie  evidence  of  the  fact  of  the 
granting  of  such  letters-patent,  and  of  the  date  and  contents 
thereof,   t   tu  .    ^ 

Sec.  8§4.  The  printed  copies  of  specifications  and  draw- 
ings of  patents,  which  the  Commissioner  of  Patents  is 
authorized  to  print  for  gratuitous  distribution,  and  to  deposit 
in  the  capitols  of  the  States  and  Territories,  and  in  the 
clerk's  omces  of  the  district  courts,  shall,  when  certified 
by  him  and  authenticated    by  the  seal  of  his  office,   be 


74 


PATENT    LAWS   OF    1874. 


il  jiii 


received  in  all  courts  as  evidence  of  all  matters  therein  con- 
tained. 

Title  XV.,  Rev.  Stat.,  p.  261, 

Sec.  1537.  No  patented  article  connected  with  marine 
engines  shall  hereafter  be  purchased  or  used  in  connection 
with  any  steam  vessels  of  war  until  the  same  shall  have  been 
submitted  to  a  competent  board  of  naval  engineers,  and 
recommended  by  such  board,  in  writing,  for  purchase  and 
use. 

Title  XVII. ,  Rev.  Stat.,  p.  292: 

Sec.  1673.  No  royalty  shall  be  paid  by  the  United  States 
to  any  one  of  its  officers  or  employ^^  for  the  use  of  any 
patent  for  the  system,  or  any  part  thereof,  mentioned  in 
the  preceding  section,  nor  for  any  such  patent  in  which 
said  officers  or  employes  may  be  directly  or  indirectly  in- 
terested. 

Concerning  Applications  for,  and  Issue  of,  Patents, 

Title  LX.,  Rev.  Stat.,  chap,  i,  p.  953: 

Sec.  4883.  All  patents  shall  be  issued  in  the  name  of  the 
United  States  of  America,  under  the  seal  of  the  Patent 
Office,  and  shall  be  signed  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior 
and  countersigned  by  the  Commissioner  of  Patents,  and 
they  shall  be  recorded,  together  with  the  specifications,  in 
the  Patent  Office,  in  books  to  be  kept  for  that  purpose. 

Sec.  4884.  Every  patent  shall  contain  a  short  title  or 
description  of  the  invention  or  discovery,  correctly  indicating 
its  nature  and  design,  and  a  gjant  to  the  patentee,  his  heirs 
or  assigns,  for  the  term  of  seventeen  years,  of  the  exclusive 
right  to  make,  use,  and  vend  the  invention  or  discovery 
throughout  the  United  States,  and  the  Territories  thereof, 
referring  to  the  specirication  for  the  particulars  thereof.  A 
copy  of  the  specification  and  drawings  shall  be  annexed  to 
the  patent  and  be  a  part  thereof. 

Sec.  4885.  Every  patent  shall  bear  date  as  of  a  day  not 
later  than  six  months  from  the  time  at  which  it  was  passed 
and  allowed  and  notice  thereof  was  sent  to  the  applicant  or 
his  agent ;  and  if  the  final  fee  is  not  paid  within  that  period, 
the  patent  shall  be  withheld. 

Sec.  4886.  Any  person  who  has  invented  or  discovered 
any  new  and  useful  art,  machine,  manufacture  or  composi- 
tion of  matter,  or  any  new  and  useful  improvement  thereof, 
not  known  nor  use  i  by  others  in  this  country,  and  not  pat- 
ented or  described  in  any  printed  publication  in  this  or  any 


id 

;i- 

'f, 
t- 


PATENT    LAWS   OF    1874. 


75 


foreign  country,  before  his  invention  or  discovery  thereof, 
and  not  in  public  use  or  on  sale  for  more  than  two  years 

Erior  to  his  application,  unless  the  same  is  proved  to  have 
een  abandoned,  may  upon  payment  of  ^le  fees  required 
by  law,  and  other  due  proceedings  had,  obtain  a  patent 
therefor. 

Sec.  4887.  No  person  shall  be  debarred  from  receiving  a 
patent  for  his  invention  or  discovery,  nor  shah  any  patent  be 
declared  invalid,  by  reason  of  its  having  been  first  patented 
or  caused  to  be  patented  in  a  foreign  country,  unless  the  same 
has  been  introduced  into  public  use  in  the  United  States  for 
more  than  two  years  prior  to  the  application.  But  every 
patent  granted  for  an  invention  whicn  has  been  previously 
patented  in  a  foreign  country  shall  be  so  limited  as  to  expire 
at  the  same  time  vith  the  foreign  patent,  or,  if  there  be 
more  than  one,  at  the  same  time  with  the  one  having  the 
shortest  term,  and  in  no  case  shall  it  be  in  force  more  than 
seventeen  years. 

Sec.  4888.  Before  any  inventor  or  discoverer  shall  receive 
a  patent  for  his  invention  or  discovery,  he  shall  make  appli- 
cation therefor,  in  writing,  to  the  Commission 'T  of  Patents, 
and  shall  file  in  the  Patent  Office  a  written  description  of  the 
same,  and  of  the  manner  and  process  of  making,  construct- 
ing, compounding,  and  using  it,  in  such  full,  clear,  concise, 
and  exact  terms  as  to  enable  any  person  skilled  in  the  art  or 
science  to  which  it  appertains,  or  with  which  it  is  most 
nearly  connected,  to  make,  construct,  compound,  and  use 
the  same ;  and  in  case  of  a  machine,  he  shall  explain  the 
principle  thereof,  and  the  best  mode  in  which  he  has  contem- 
plated applying  that  principle,  so  as  to  distinguish  it  from 
other  inventions ;  and  he  shall  particularly  point  out  and  dis- 
tinctly claim  the  part,  improvement,  or  combination  which 
he  claims  as  his  invention  or  discovery.  The  specification 
and  claim  shall  be  signed  by  the  inventor  and  attested  by 
two  witnesses. 

Sec.  4889.  When  the  nature  of  the  case  admits  of  draw- 
ings, the  applicant  shall  furnish  one  copy  signed  by  the  in- 
ventor or  his  attorney  in  fact,  and  attested  by  two  witnesses, 
which  shall  be  filed  in  the  Patent  Office  ;  and  a  copy  of  the 
drawing,  to  be  furnished  by  the  Patent  Office,  shall  be  at- 
tached to  the  patent  as  a  part  of  the  specification. 

Sec.  4890.  When  the  invention  or  discovery  is  of  a  com- 
position of  matter,  the  applicant,  if  required  by  the  Com- 
missioner, shall  furnish  specimens  of  ingredients  and  of  the 
composition,  sufficient  in  quantity  for  the  purpose  of  experi- 
ment. 

Sec.  4891.  In  all  cases  which  admit  of  representation  by 


76 


PATENT    LAWS   OF    1 874. 


model,  the  applicant,  if  required  by  the  Commissioner,  shall 
furnish  a  model  of  convenient  size  to  exhibit  advantageously 
the  several  parts  of  his  invention  or  discovery. 

Sec.  4892.  The  applicant  shall  make  oath  that  he  does 
verily  believe  himself  to  be  the  original  and  first  inventor  or 
discoverer  of  the  art,  machine,  manufacture,  composition,  or 
improvement  for  which  he  solicits  a  patent ;  that  he  does  not 
know  and  does  not  believe  that  the  same  was  ever  before 
known  or  'ised  ;  and  shall  state  of  what  country  he  is  a  citi- 
zen. Such  oath  may  be  made  before  any  person  within  the 
United  States  authorized  by  law  to  administer  oaths,  or 
when  the  applicant  resides  in  a  foreign  country,  before  any 
minister,  chared  d'affaires,  consul,  or  commercial  agent, 
holding  commission  under  the  Government  of  the  United 
States,  or  before  any  notary  public  of  the  foreign  country  in 
which  the  applicant  may  be. 

SE(i.  4893.  On  the  filing  of  any  such  application  and  the 
payment  of  the  fees  required  by  law.  the  Commissioner  of 
Patents  shall  cause  an  examination  to  be  made  of  the  alleged 
new  invention  or  discovery;  and  if  on  such  examination 
it  shall  appear  that  the  claimant  is  justly  entitled  to. a 
patent  under  the  law,  and  that  the  same  is  sufficiently  use- 
ful and  important,  the  Commissioner  shall  issue  a  patent 
therefor. 

Sec.  4894.  All  applications  for  patents  shall  be  completed 
and  prepared  for  examination  within  two  years  after  the 
filing  of  the  application,  and  in  default  thereof,  or  upon 
failure  of  the  applicant  to  prosecute  the  same  within  two 
years  after  any  action  therein,  of  which  notice  shall  have 
been  given  to  the  applicant,  they  shall  be  regarded  as  aban- 
doned by  the  parties  thereto,  unless  it  be  shown  to  the  satis- 
faction of  the  Commissioner  of  Patents  that  such  delay  was 
unavoidable. 

Patents  may  be  issued  to  Assignees, 

Sec.  4895.  Patents  may  be  granted  and  issued  or  reissued 
to  the  assignee  of  the  inventor  or  discoverer  ;  but  the  assign- 
ment must  first  be  entered  of  record  in  the  Patent  Office. 
And  in  all  cases  of  an  application  by  an  assignee  for  the 
issue  of  a  patent,  the  application  shall  be  made  and  the 
specification  sworn  to  by  the  inventor  or  discoverer;  and 
in  all  cases  of  an  appHcation  for  a  reissue  of  any  patent,  the 
application  must  be  made  and  the  corrected  specification 
signed  by  the  inventor  or  discoverer,  if  he  is  living,  unless 
the  patent  was  issued  and  the  assignment  made  before  the 
eighth  day  of  July,  eighteen  hundred  and  seventy. 


PATENT    LAWS   OF    1874. 


77 


Patents  to  the  Heirs  of  Deceased  Inventors, 

Sec.  4896.  When  any  person,  having  made  any  new  in- 
vention or  discovery  for  which  a  patent  might  have  been 
g^ranted,  dies  before  a  patent  is  granted,  the  right  of  apply- 
mg  for  and  obtaining  the  patent  shall  devolve  on  his  execu- 
tor or  administrator,  in  trust  for  the  heirs  at  law  of  the  de- 
ceased, in  case  he  shall  have  died  intestate ;  or  if  he  shall 
have  left  a  will,  disposing  of  the  same,  then  in  trust  for  his 
devisees,  in  as  full  manner  and  on  the  same  terms  and  con- 
ditions as  the  same  might  have  been  claimed  or  enjoyed  by 
him  in  his  lifetime ;  and  when  the  application  is  made  by 
such  legal  representatives,  the  oath  or  affirmation  required 
to  be  made  shall  be  so  varied  in  form  that  it  can  be  made  by 
them. 

Renewal  of  Lapsed  Cases. 

Sec.  4897.  Any  person  who  has  an  interest  in  an  invention 
or  discovery,  whether  as  inventor,  discoverer,  or  assignee, 
for  which  a  patent  was  ordered  to  issue  upon  the  payment  of 
the  final  fee,  but  who  fails  to  make  payment  thereof  within 
six  months  from  the  time  at  which  it  was  passed  and  allowed 
and  notice  thereof  was  sent  to  the  applicant  or  his  agent, 
shall  have  a  right  to  make  an  application  for  a  patent  for 
such  invention  or  discovery  the  same  as  in  the  case  of  an 
origmal  application.  But  such  second  application  must  be 
made  within  two  years  after  the  allowance  of  the  original  ap- 
plication. But  no  person  shall  be  held  responsible  in  dam- 
ages for  the  manufacture  or  use  of  any  article  or  thing  for 
wnich  a  patent  was  ordered  to  issue  under  such  renewed  ap- 
plication prior  to  the  issue  of  the  patent.  And  upon  the 
hearing  of  renewed  applications  preferred  under  this  section, 
abandonment  shall  be  considered  as  a  question  of  fact. 

Assignment  of  Patents. 

Sec.  4898.  Every  patent  or  any  interest  therein  shall  be 
assignable  in  law  by  an  instrument  in  writing;  and  the  pat- 
entee or  his  assigns  or  legal  representatives  may,  in  like  man- 
ner, grant  and  convey  an  exclusive  right  under  his  patent  to 
the  whole  or  any  specified  part  of  the  United  States.  An  as- 
signment, grant,  or  conveyance  shall  be  void  as  against  any 
subsequent  purchaser  or  mort|jagee  for  a  valuable  conside- 
ration, without  notice,  unless  it  is  recorded  in  the  Patent 
Office  within  three  months  from  the  date  thereof. 


78 


PATENT    LAWS   OF    1874. 


Free  Rights  of  Use, 

Sec.  4899.  Every  person  who  purchases  of  the  inventor, 
or  discoverer,  or  with  his  knowledge  and  consent  constructs 
any  newly  invented  or  discovered  machine,  or  other  patent- 
able article,  prior  to  the  application  by  the  inventor  or  dis- 
coverer for  a  patent,  or  who  sells  or  uses  one  so  constructed, 
shall  have  the  right  to  use,  and  vend  to  others  to  be  used, 
the  specific  thing  so  made  or  purchased,  without  liability 
theretOT. 

Patented  Articles  to  be  Stamped, 

Sec.  4900.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  all  patentees,  and  their 
assigns  and  legal  representatives,  and  o\  all  persons  making 
or  vending  any  patented  article  for  or  under  them,  to  give 
sufficient  notice  to  the  public  that  the  same  is  patented ; 
either  by  affixing  thereon  the  word  "  patented,"  together  with 
the  day  and  year  the  patent  was  granted ;  or  when,  from 
the  character  of  the  article,  this  can  not  be  done,  by  fixing  to 
it,  or  to  the  package  wherein  one  or  more  of  them  is  inclosed, 
a  label  containing  the  like  notice ;  and  in  any  suit  for  in- 
tringement,  by  the  party  failing  so  to  mark,  no  damages  shall 
be  recovered  by  the  plaintiff",  except  on  proof  that  the  defend- 
ant was  duly  notified  of  the  infringement,  and  continued,  after 
such  notice,  to  make,  use,  or  vend  the  article  so  patented. 

Penalties  for  False  Stamping, 

Sec.  4901.  Every  person  who,  in  any  manner,  marks  upon 
any  thing  made,  used,  or  sold  by  him  for  which  he  has  not 
obtained  a  patent,  the  name  or  any  imitation  of  the  name  of 
any  person  who  has  obtained  a  patent  therefor,  without  the 
consent  of  such  patentee,  or  his  assigns  or  legal  representa- 
tives ;  or 

Who,  in  any  manner,  marks  upon  or  affixes  to  any  such 
patented  article  the  word  "patent  "or  "patentee,"  or  the 
words  "letters-patent,"  or  any  word  of  like  import,  with  in- 
tent to  imitate  or  counterfeit  the  mark  or  device  of  the  pat- 
entee, without  having  the  license  or  consent  of  such  patentee 
or  his  assigns  or  legal  representatives  ;  or 

Who,  in  any  manner,  marks  upon  or  affixes  to  any  unpat- 
ented article  the  word  "  patent "  or  any  word  importing  that 
the  same  is  patented,  for  the  purpose  of  deceiving  the  public, 
shall  be  liable,  for  every  such  offence,  to  a  penalty  of  not  less 
than  one  hundred  dollars,  with  costs  ;  one  half  of  said  penal- 
ty to  the  person  who  shall  sue  for  the  same,  and  the  other  to 
the  use  ci  the  United  States,  to  be  recovered  by  suit  in  any 
district  court  of  the  United  States  within  whose  jupisdiction 
such  offence  may  have  been  committed. 


PATENT    LAWS   OF    1874. 


79 


Caveats. 

Sec.  4902.  Any  citizen  of  the  United  States  who  makes 
any  new  invention  or  discovery,  and  desires  further  time  to 
mature  the  same,  may,  on  payment  of  the  fees  required  by 
law,  file  in  the  Patent  Office  a  caveat  setting  forth  the  design 
thereof,  and  of  its  distinguishing  characteristics,  and  praying 
protection  of  his  right  until  he  shall  have  matured  his  inven- 
tion. Such  caveat  shall  be  filed  in  the  confidential  archives 
of  the  office  and  preserved  in  secrecy,  and  shall  be  operative 
for  the  term  of  one  year  from  the  filing  thereof;  and  if  appli- 
cation is  made  within  the  year  by  any  other  person  for  a  pat- 
ent with  which  such  caveat  would  in  any  manner  interfere, 
the  Commissioner  shall  deposit  the  description,  specification, 
drawings,  and  model  of  such  application  in  like  manner  in 
the  confidential  archives  of  the  office,  and  give  notice  there- 
of, by  mail,  to  the  person  by  whom  the  caveat  was  filed.  If 
such  person  desires  to  avail  himself  of  his  caveat,  he  shall 
file  his  description,  specifications,  drawings,  and  model 
within  three  months  from  the  time  of  placing  the  notice  in 
the  post-office  in  Washington,  with  the  usual  time  required 
for  transmitting  it  to  the  caveator  added  thereto  ;  which  time 
shall  be  indorsed  on  the  notice.  An  alien  shall  have  the  privi- 
lege herein  granted,  if  he  has  resided  in  the  United  States 
one  year  next  preceding  the  filing  of  his  caveat,  and  has 
made  oath  of  his  intention  to  becdme  a  citizen. 

Rejected  Cases, 

Sec.  4903.  Whenever,  on  examination,  any  claim  for  a 
patent  is  reiected,  the  Commissioner  shall  notify  the  appli- 
cant thereof,  giving  him  briefly  the  reasons  for  such  rejection, 
together  with  such  information  and  references  as  may  be 
useful  in  judging  of  the  propriety  of  renewing  his  applica- 
tion or  of  altering  his  specification  ;  and  if,  after  receiving 
such  notice,  the  applicant  persists  in  his  claim  for  a  patent, 
with  or  without  altering  his  specifications,  the  Commissioner 
shall  order  a  re-examination  of  the  case. 

Interferences, 

Sec.  4904.  Whenever  an  application  is  made  for  a  patent 
which,  in  the  opinion  of  the  Commissioner,  would  interfere 
with  any  pending  application,  or  with  any  unexpired  patent, 
he  shall  give  notice  thereof  to  the  applicants,  or  applicant 
and  patentee,  as  the  case  may  be,  and  shall  direct  the  pri- 
mary examiner  to  proceed  to  determine  the  quesdon  of  pri- 
ority of  invention.    And  the  Commissioner  may  issue  a  pat- 


ent  to  the  parly  who  is  adjudged  the  prior  inventor,  unless 
the  adverse  party  appeals  from  the  decision  of  the  primary 
examiner,  or  of  the  board  of  examiners-in-chief,  as  the  case 
may  be,  within  such  time,  not  less  than  twenty  days,  as  the 
Commissioner  shall  prescribe. 

Relatmg-  to  Witnesses. 

Sec.  4905.  The  Commissioner  of  Patents  may  establish 
rules  for  taking  affidavits  and  depositions  required  in  cases 
pending  in  the  Patent  Office,  and  such  affidavits  and  depo- 
sitions may  be  taken  before  any  officer  authorized  by  law  to 
take  depositions  to  be  used  in  thvj  courts  of  the  United  States, 
or  of  the  State  where  the  officer  resides. 

Sec.  4906.  The  clerk  of  any  court  of  the  United  States, 
for  any  district  or  Territory  wherein  testimony  is  to  be  taken 
for  use  in  any  contested  case  pending  in  the  Patent  Office, 
shall,  upon  the  application  of  any  party  thereto,  or  of  his 
agent  or  attorney,  issue  a  subpoena  for  any  witness  residing 
or  being  within  such  district  or  Territory,  commanding  him 
*o  appear  and  testify  before  any  officer  in  such  district  or 
Territory  authorized'  to  take  depositions  and  affidavits,  at 
any  time  and  place  in  the  subpcjena  stated.  But  no  witness 
shall  be  required  to  attend  at  any  place  more  than  forty  miles 
from,  the  place  where  the  subpoena  is  served  upon  him. 

Sec.  4907.  Every  witness  duly  subpoenaed  and  in  attend- 
ance shall  be  allowed  the  same  fees  as  are  allowed  to  wit- 
nesses attending  the  courts  of  the  United  States. 

Sec.  4908.  Whenever  any  witness,  after  being  duly  served 
with  such  subpoena,  neglects  or  refuses  to  appear,  or  after 
appearing  refuses  to  testify,  the  judge  of  the  court  whose 
clerk  issued  the  subpoena  may,  on  proof  of  such  neglect  or 
refusal,  enforce  obedience  to  the  process,  or  punish  the  dis- 
obedience as  in  other  like  cases.  But  no  witness  shall  be 
guilty  of  contempt  for  disobeying  such  subpoena,  unless  his 
fees  a.nd  travelling  expenses  in  going  to,  returning  from,  and 
one  day's  attendance  at  the  place  of  examination,  are  paid 
or  tendered  him  at  the  time  of  the  ^^ervice  of  the  subpoena  ; 
nor  for  refusing  to  disclose  any  secret  invention  or  discovery 
made  or  owned  by  himself. 


Appeals. 

Sec.  4909.  Every  applicant  for  a  patent  or  for  the  reissue 
for  a  patent,  any  of  the  claims  of  which  have  been  twice  re- 
jected, and  every  party  to  an  interference,  may  appeal  from 
the  decision  of  tne  primary  examiner,  or  of  the  examiner  in 


PATENT    LAWS   OF    1874. 


81 


charge  of  interferences  in  such  case,  to  the  board  of  exam- 
iners-in-chief; having  once  paid  the  fee  for  such  appeal. 

Sec.  4910.  If  such  party  is  dissatisfied  with  the  decision  of 
the  cxaminers-in-chief,  he  may,  on  payment  of  the  fee  pre- 
scribed, appeal  to  the  Commissioner  in  person. 

Sec.  4911.  If  such  party,  except  a  party  to  an  interference, 
is  dissatisfied  with  the  decision  of  the  Commissioner,  he  may 
appeal  to  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  District  of  Columbia, 
sitting  in  banc. 

Sec.  4912.  When  an  appeal  is  taken  to  the  Supreme  Court 
of  the  District  of  Columbia,  the  appellant  shall  give  notice 
thereof  to  the  Commissioner,  and  file  in  the  Patei.'t  Office, 
within  such  time  as  the  Commissioner  shall  Pppoint,  his 
reasons  of  appeal,  specifically  set  forth  in  writing. 

Sec.  4913.  The  court  shall,  before  hearing  such  appeal, 
give  notice  to  the  Commissioner  of  the  time  and  place  of 
the  hearing,  and  on  receiving  such  notice  the  Commissioner 
shall  give  notice  of  such  time  and  pla  :  in  such  manner  as 
the  court  may  pi  escribe,  to  all  parties  who  appear  to  be  in- 
terested therein.  The  party  appealing  shall  lay  before  the 
court  certified  copies  of  all  the  original  ]  pers  and  evidence 
in  the  case,  and  the  Commissioner  shall  furnish  the  court 
with  the  grounds  of  his  decision,  fully  set  forth  in  writing, 
touching  all  the  points  involved  by  the  reasons  of  appeal. 
And  at  the  request  of  any  party  interested,  or  of  the  court, 
the  Commissioner  and  the  examiners  may  be  examined 
under  oadi,  in  explanation  of  the  principles  of  the  thing  for 
which  a  patent  is  demanded. 

Sec.  4914.  The  court,  on  petition,  shall  hear  and  deter- 
mine such  -appeal,  and  revise  the  decision  appealed  from  in 
a  summary  vvay,  on  the  evidence  produced  before  the  Com- 
missioner, at  such  early  and  convenient  time  as  the  court 
may  appoint;  and  the  revision  shall  be  confined  to  the 
points  set  forth  in  the  reasons  of  appeal.  After  hearing  the 
case  the  court  shall  return  to  the  Commissioner  a  certificate 
of  its  proceedings  and  decision,  which  shall  be  entered  of 
record  in  the  Patent  Office,  and  shall  govern  the  further 
proceedings  in  the  case.  But  no  opinion  or  decision  of  the 
court  in  any  such  case  shall  preclude  any  person  interested 
from  the  right  to  contest  the  validity  of  such  patent  in  any 
court  wherein  the  same  may  be  called  in  question. 

Sec.  4915.  Whenever  a  patent  on  application  is  refused, 
either  by  the  Commissioner  of  Patents  or  by  the  Supreme 
Court  of  the  District  of  Columbia  upon  appeal  from  the 
Commissioner,  the  applicant  may  have  remedy  by  bill  in 
equity ;  and  the  court  having  cognizance  thereof,  on  notice 
to  adverse  parties  and  other  due  proceedings  had,  may  ad- 


82 


PATENT    LAWS    OF    1874. 


'rll 


judge  that  such  applicant  is  entitled,  according  to  law,  to 
receive  a  patent  for  his  invention,  as  specified  in  his  claim, 
or  for  any  part  thereof,  as  the  facts  in  the  case  may  appear. 
And  such  adjudication,  if  it  be  in  favor  of  the  right  of  the 
applicant,  shall  authorize  the  Commissioner  to  issue  such 
patent  on  the  applicant  filing  in  the  Patent  Office  a  copy  of 
the  adjudication,  and  otherwise  complying  with  the  require- 
ments of  law.  In  all  cases,  where  there  is  no  opposing 
party,  a  copy  of  the  bill  shall  be  served  on  the  Commis- 
sioner ;  and  all  the  expenses  of  the  proceeding  shall  be  paid 
by  the  applicant,  whether  the  final  decision  is  in  his  favor 
or  not. 

REISSUES. 
Sec.  4916.  Whenever  any  patent  is  inoperative  or  invalid, 
by  reason  of  a  defective  or  insufficient  specification,  or  by 
reason  of  the  patentee  claiming  as  his  own  invention  or 
discovery  more  than  \iC  !iad  a  right  to  claim  as  new,  if  the 
error  has  arisen  b)  inadvertence,  accident,  or  mistake,  and 
without  any  fraudulent  or  deceptive  intention,  the  Commis- 
sioner shall,  on  the  surrender  of  such  patent  and  the  pay- 
ment of  the  duty  required  by  law,  cause  a  new  patent  for 
the  same  invention,  and  in  accordance  w'th  the  corrected 
spscification,  to  be  issued  to  the  patentee,  or,  "n  the  case  of 
his  death  or  of  an  assignment  of  the  whole  or  any  undivided 
part  of  the  original  patent,  then  to  his  executors,  adminis- 
trators, or  assigns,  for  the  unexpired  part  of  the  term  of  the 
original  patent.  Such  surrender  shall  take  effect  upon  the 
issue  of  the  amended  patent.  The  Commissioner  may,  in 
his  discretion,  cause  several  patents  to  be  issued  for  dis- 
tinct and  separate  parts  of  the  thing  patented,  upon  demand 
of  the  applicant,  and  upon  payment  of  the  required  fee  for 
a  reissue  for  each  of  such  reissued  letters-patent.  The 
specifications  and  claim  in  every  such  case  shall  be  subject 
to  revision  and  restricdon  in  the  same  manner  as  original 
applications  are.  Every  patent  so  reissued,  together  with 
the  corrected  specification,  shall  have  the  same  effect  and 
operation  in  law,  on  the  trial  of  all  actions  for  causes  there- 
after arising,  as  if  the  same  had  been  originally  filed  in 
such  corrected  form  ;  but  no  new  matter  shall  be  intro- 
duced into  the  specification,  nor  in  case  of  a  machine 
patent  shall  the  model  or  drawings  be  amended,  except 
each  by  the  other ;  but  when  there  is  neither  model  nor 
drawing,  amendments  may  be  made  upon  proof  satisfiictory 
to  the  Conjmissioner  that  such  new  matter  or  amendment 
was  a  part  of  the  original  invention,  and  was  omitted  from 
the  specification  by  inadveitence,  accident,  or  mistake,  as 
aforesaid. 


PATENT    LAWS    OF    1874. 


83 


DISCLAIMERS. 

Sec.  4917.  Whenever,  through  inadvertence,  accident,  or 
mistake,  and  without  any  fraudulent  or  deceptive  intention, 
a  patentee  has  claimed  more  than  that  of  which  he  was  the 
original  or  first  inventor  or  discoverer,  his  patent  shall  be 
valid  for  all  that  part  which  is  truly  and  justly  his  own, 
provided  the  same  is  a  material  or  substantial  part  of  the 
thing  patented ;  and  any  such  patentee,  his  heirs  or  assigns, 
whether  of  the  whole  or  any  sectional  interest  therein,  may, 
on  payment  of  the  fee  required  by  law,  make  disclaimer 
of  such  parts  of  the  thing  patented  as  he  shall  not  choose 
to  claim  or  to  hold  by  virtue  of  the  patent  or  assignment, 
stating  therein  the  extent  of  his  interest  in  such  patent. 
Such  disclaimer  shall  be  in  writing,  attested  by  one  o:  more 
witnesses,  and  recorded  in  the  Patent  Ofi^ce ;  and  it  shall 
thereafter  be  considered  as  part  of  the  origmal  specification 
to  the  extent  of  the  interest  possessed  by  the  claimant  and 
by  those  claiming  under  him  after  the  record  thereof.  But 
no  such  disclaimer  shall  affect  any  action  pending  at  the 
time  of  its  being  filed,  except  so  far  as  may  relate  to  the 
question  ol  unreasonable  neglect  or  delay  in  filing  it. 

INTERFERING    PATENTS. 

Sec.  4918.  Whenever  there  are  interfering  patents,  any 
person  interested  in  any  one  of  them,  or  in  the  working  of 
the  invention  claimed  under  either  of  them,  may  have  relief 
against  the  interfering  patentee,  and  all  parties  interested 
under  him,  by  suit  in  equity  against  the  owners  of  the  inter- 
fering patent ;  and  the  court,  on  notice  to  adverse  parties, 
and  other  due  proceedings  had  according  to  the  course  of 
equity,  may  adjudge  and  declare  either  of  the  patents  void 
in  whol2  01  in  part,  or  inoperative,  or  invalid  in  any  particu- 
lar pa:  of  the  United  States,  according  to  the  interest  of 
the  parties  in  the  patent  or  the  invention  patented.  But 
no  such  judgment  or  adjudication  shall  affect  the  right  of 
any  person  except  the  parties  to  the  suit  and  those  deriv- 
ing title  under  them  subsequent  to  the  rendition  of  such 
judgment. 

INFRINGEMENTS. 

Sec.  4919.  Damages  for  the  infringement  of  any  patent 
may  be  recovered  by  action  on  the  case,  in  the  name  of  the 
party  interested,  either  as  patentee,  assignee,  or  grantee. 
And  whenever  in  any  such  action  a  verdict  is  rendered  for 
the  plaintiff,  the  court  may  enter  judgment  thereon  for  any 
sum  above  the  amount  found  by  the  verdict  as  the  actual 


84 


PATENT    LAWS  OF    1874. 


damages  sustained,  according  to  the  circumstances  of  the 
case,  not  exceeding  three  times  the  amount  of  such  verdict, 
together  with  the  costs. 

Sec.  4920.  In  any  action  for  infringement  the  defendant 
may  plead  the  general  issue,  and  having  given  notice  in 
writing  to  the  plaintiff  or  his  attorney,  thirty  days  before, 
may  prove,  on  trial,  any  one  or  more  of  the  following  special 
matters  : 

First.  That  for  the  purpose  of  deceiving  the  public  the 
description  and  specification  filed  by  the  patentee  in  the 
Patent  Ofitice  was  made  to  contain  less  than  the  whole  truth 
relative  to  his  invention  or  discovery,  or  more  than  is  neces- 
sary to  produce  the  desired  effect ;  or. 

Second.  That  he  had  surreptitiously  or  unjustly  obtained 
the  patent  for  that  which  was  in  fact  invented  by  another, 
who  was  using  reasonable  diligence  in  adapting  and  perfect- 
ing the  same  ;  or, 

Third.  That  it  had  been  patented  or  described  in  some 
printe*^  publication  prior  to  his  supposed  invention  or  dis- 
covery thereof ;  or,  n-i  ■  * 

Fourth.  That  he  was  not  the  original  and  firsi:  inventor 
or  discoverer  of  any  material  and  substantial  part  of  the 
thing  patented  ;  or, 

Ftfth.  That  it  had  been  in  public  use  or  on  sale  in  this 
country  for  more  than  two  years  before  his  application  for 
a  patent,  or  had  been  abandoned  to  the  public. 

And  in  notices  as  to  prcof  of  previous  invention,  knowl- 
edge, or  use  of  the  thing  patented,  the  defendant  shall  state 
the  names  of  patentees  and  the  dates  of  their  patents, 
and  when  granted,  and  the  names  and  residences  of  the 
persons  alleged  to  have  invented,  or  to  have  had  the  prior 
Knowledge  of  the  thing  patented,  and  where  and  by  whom 
it  had  been  used  ;  and  if  any  one  or  more  of  the  special  mat- 
ters alleged  shall  be  found  for  the  defendant,  judgment 
shall  be  rendered  for  him  with  costs.  And  the  like  defences 
may  be  pleaded  in  any  suit  in  equity  for  relief  against  an 
alleged  infringement ;  and  proofs  of  the  same  may  be  given 
upon  like  notice  in  the  answer  of  the  defendant,  and  with  the 
like  effect.  -  .;>••  ;,  v     j  ,!:.; 

Sec.  4921.  The  several  courts  vested  with  jurisdiction  of 
cases  arising  under  the  patent  laws  shell  have  power  to 
grart  injuncdons  accordinp-  lO  the  course  and  principles  of 
court:*  of  equity,  to  prevent  the  violation  of  any  right 
secured  by  p-^tent,  on  such  terms  as  the  court  Tiay  deem 
reasonable  ;  r.nd  upon  a  decree  being  rendered  in  any  such 
case  for  an  infringement,  the  complainant  shall  be  entitled  to 
recover,  in  addition   to  the  profits  to  be  accounted  for  by 


m 


PATENT    LAWS    OF    1874. 


8s 


the  delendant,  the  damages  the  complainant  has  sustained 
thereby ;  and  the  court  shall  assess  the  same  or  cause  the 
same  to  be  assessed  under  its  direction.  And  the  court 
shall  have  the  same  power  to  increase  such  damages,  in  its 
discretion,  as  is  given  to  increase  the  damages  found  by 
verdicts  in  actions  in  the  nature  of  actions  of  trespass  upon 
the  case. 

Sec.  4922.  Whenever,  through  inadvertence,  accident,  or 
mistake,  and  without  any  wilful  default  or  intent  to  defraud 
or  mislead  the  public,  a  patentee  has,  in  his  specification, 
-claimed  to  be  the  original  and  first  inventor  or  discoverer  of 
any  material  or  substantial  part  of  the  thing  patented,  of 
which  he  was  not  the  original  and  first  inventor  or  discoverer, 
every  such  patentee,  his  executors,  administrators,  and  as- 
signs, whether  of  the  whole  or  any  sectional  interest  in  the 
patent,  may  maintain  a  suit  at  law  or  in  equity,  for  the  in- 
fringement of  any  part  thereof,  which  was  bona  fide  his  own, 
if  it  is  a  material  and  substantial  part  of  the  thing  patented, 
and  definitely  distinguishable  from  the  parts  claimed  without 
right,  notwithstanding  the  specifications  may  embrace  more 
than  that  of  which  the  patentee  was  the  first  inventor  or  dis- 
coverer. But  in  every  such  case  in  which  a  judgment  or  de- 
cree shall  be  rendered  for  the  plaintiff  no  costs  shall  be 
recovered  unless  the  proper  disclaimer  has  been  entered  at 
the  Patent  Office  before  the  commencement  of  the  suit.  But 
no  patentee  shall  be  entitled  to  the  benefits  of  this  section  if 
he  has  unreasonably  neglected  or  delayed  to  enter  a  dis- 
claimer. 

Sec.  4923.  Whenever  it  appears  that  a  patentee,  at  the 
time  of  making  his  application  for  the  patent,  believed  him- 
self to  be  the  original  and  first  inventor  or  discoverer  of  the 
thing  patented,  the  same  shall  not  be  held  to  be  void  on 
account  of  the  invention  or  discovery,  or  any  part  thereof, 
having  been  known  or  used  in  a  foreign  country,  before  his 
invention  or  discovery  thereof,  if  it  had  not  been  patented  or 
described  in  a  printed  publication. 

Sec.  4928.  The  benefit  of  the  extension  of  a  patent  shall 
extend  to  the  assignees  and  grantees  of  the  right  to  use  the 
thing  patented,  to  the  extent  of  their  interest  therein. 

PATENTS  FOR  DESIGNS. 

Sec.  4929.  Any  person  who,  by  his  own  industry,  genius, 
efforts,  and  expense,  has  invented  and  produced  any  new  and 
original  design  for  a  manufacture,  bust,  statue,  alto-relievo, 
or  bas-reliei ;  any  new  and  original  design  for  the  printincr  of 
woollen,  silk,  cotton,  or  other  fabrics  ;  any  new  and  original 
impression,  ornament,  patent,  [pattern,]  print,  or  picture  to  be 


'**V«fe^.: 


f>m- 


86 


PATENT    LAWS    OF    1874. 


printed,  painted,  cast,  or  otherwise  placed  on  or  worked  into 
any  article  of  manufacture ;  or  any  new,  useful,  and  original 
shape  or  configuration  of  any  article  of  manufacture,  the 
same  not  having  been  known  or  used  by  others  before  his  in- 
vention or  production  thereof,  or  patented  or  described  in  any 
printed  publication,  may,  upon  payment  of  the  fee  piescribea, 
and  other  due  proceedings  had  the  same  as  in  cases  of  inven- 
tions or  discoveries,  obtain  a  patent  therefor. 

Sec.  4930,  The  Commissioner  may  dispense  with  models 
of  designs  when  the  design  can  be  sufficiently  represented  by 
drawings  or  photographs. 

Sec.  4931.  Patents  for  designs  maybe  granted  for  the  term 
of  three  years  and  six  months,  or  for  seven  years,  or  forfopr- 
teen  years,  as  the  applicant  may,  in  his  application,  elect. 

Sec.  4932.  Patentees  of  designs  issued  prior  to  the  second 
day  of  March,  eighteen  hundred  and  sixty-one,  shall  be  en- 
titled to  extension  of  their  respective  patents  for  the  term  of 
seven  years,  in  the  same  manner  and  under  the  same  restric- 
tions as  are  provided  for  the  extension  of  patents  for  inven- 
tions or  discoveries,  issued  prior  to  the  second  day  of  March, 
eighteen  hundred  and  sixty-one. 

Sec.  4933.  All  the  regulations  and  provisions  which  apply 
to  obtaining  or  protecting  patents  for  inventions  or  discov- 
eries not  inconsistent  with  the  provisions  of  this  title,  shall 
apply  to  patents  for  designs. 

OFFICIAL  FEES. 

Sec.  4934.  The  following  shall  be  the  rates  for  patent  fees  : 

On  filing  each  original  application  for  a  patent,  except  in 
design  cases,  fifteen  dollars. 

On  issuing  each  original  patent,  except  in  design  cases, 
twenty  dollars. 

In  design  cases :  For  three  years  and  six  months,  ten  dol- 
lars ;  for  seven  years,  fifteen  dollars  ;  for  fourteen  years,  thirty 
dollars. 

On  filing  each  caveat,  ten  dollars. 

On  every  application  for  the  reissue  of  a  patent  thirty 
dollars. 

On  filing  each  disclaimer,  ten  dollars. 

On  every  application  for  the  extension  of  a  patent,  fifty 
dollars. 

On  the  granting  of  every  extension  of  a  patent,  fifty  dol- 
lars. 

On  an  appeal  for  the  first  time  from  the  primary  examiners 
to  the  examiners-in-chief,  ten  dollars. 

On  every  appeal  from  the  examiners-in-chief  to  the  Com- 
missioner, twenty  dollars. 


-s, 


rty 

Ifty 
lol- 

;rs 
im- 


PATENT    LAWS    OF    1874. 


87 


For  certified  copies  of  patents  and  other  papers,  including 
certified  printed  copies,  ten  cents  per  hundred  words. 

For  recording  every  assignment,  agreement,  power  of 
attorney,  or  other  paper,  of  three  hundred  words  or  under, 
one  dollar;  of  over  tiiree  hundred  and  under  one  thousand 
words,  two  dollars ;  of  over  one  thousand  words,  three  dol- 
lars. 

For  copies  of  drawings,  the  reasonable  cost  of  making 
them. 

Sec.  4935.  Patent  fees  may  be  paid  to  the  Commissioner 
of  Patents,  or  to  the  Treasurer  or  any  of  the  assistant  treas- 
urers of  the  United  States,  or  to  any  of  the  designated  de- 
positaries, national  banks,  or  receivers  of  public  money, 
designated  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  for  that  pur- 
pose ;  and  such  officer  shall  give  the  depositor  a  receipt  or 
certificate  of  deposit  therefor.  All  money  received  at  the 
Patent  Office,  for  any  purpose,  or  from  any  source  whatever, 
shall  be  paid  into  the  Treasury  as  received,  without  any  de- 
duction whatever. 

Sec.  4936.  The  Treasurer  of  the  United  States  is  author- 
ized to  pay  back  any  sum  or  sums  of  money  to  any  person 
who  has  through  mistake  paid  the  same  into  the  Treasury,  or 
to  any  receiver  or  depositary,  to  the  credit  of  the  Treasury, 
as  for  fees  accruing  at  the  Patent  Office,  upon  a  certificate 
thereof  being  made  to  the  Treasurer  by  the  Commissioner  of 
Patents. 

REGISTRATION   OF  TRADE-MARKS. 

Title  LX.,  Rev.  Stat.,  Chap.  2,  p.  963. 

Sec.  4937.  Any  person  or  firm  domiciled  in  the  United 
States,  and  any  corporation  created  by  the  authority  of  the 
United  States,  or  of  any  State  or  Territory  thereof,  and  any 
person,  firm,  or  corporation  resident  of  or  located  in  any 
foreign  country  which  by  treaty  or  convention  affords  similar 
privileges  to  citizens  ol  the  United  States,  and  who  are  en- 
titled to  the  exclusive  use  of  any  lawful  trade-mark,  or  who 
intend  to  adopt  and  use  any  trade-mark  for  exclusive  use 
within  the  United  States,  may  obtain  protection  for  such 
lawful  trade-mark  by  complying  with  the  following  require- 
ments : 

/^/>j/.  By  causing  to  be  recorded  in  the  Patent  Office  a 
statement  specifying  the  names  of  the  parties,  and  their 
residences  and  place  of  business,  who  desire  the  protection 
of  tke  trade-mark ;  the  class  of  merchandise,  and  the  par- 
ticular description  of  goods  comprised  in  such  class,  by  wnich 
the  trade-mark  has  been  or  is  intended  to  be  appropriated  ;  a 
description  of  the  trade-mark  itself,  with  faC'Similes  thereof. 


38 


PATENT    LAWS   OF    1874. 


or  is  intended  to  be 
time,  if  any,  during 


showing  the  mode  in  which  it  has  been 
applied  and  used;  and  the  length  of 
which  the  trade-mark  has  been  in  use. 

Second.  By  making  payment  of  a  fee  of  twenty-five  dollars 
in  the  same  manner  and  for  the  same  purpose  as  the  fee  re- 
quired for  patents. 

Third.  By  complying  with  such  regulations  as  maybe  pre- 
scribed by  the  Commissioner  of  Patents. 

Sec.  4938.  The  certificate  prescribed  by  the  preceding  sec- 
tion must,  in  order  to  create  any  right  whatever  in  favor  of 
the  party  filing  it,  be  accompanied  by  a  written  declaration 
verified  by  the  person,  or  by  some  member  of  the  firm  or 
officer  of  the  corporation  by  whom  it  is  filed,  to  the  effect  that 
the  party  claiming  protection  for  the  trade-mark  has  a  right 
to  the  use  of  the  same,  and  that  no  other  person,  firm,  or 
corporation  has  the  right  to  such  use,  either  in  the  identical 
form  or  in  any  such  near  resemblance  thereto  as  might  be 
calculated  to  deceive ;  and  that  the  description  OiW^  facsimiles 
presented  for  record  are  true  copies  of  the  trade-mark  sought 
to  be  protected. 

Sec.  4939.  The  Commissioner  of  Patents  shall  not  receive 
and  record  any  proposed  trade-mark  which  is  not  and  can  not 
become  a  lawful  trade-mark,  or  which  is  merely  the  name  of 
a  person,  firm,  or  corporation  unaccompanied  by  a  mark 
sufficient  to  distinguish  it  from  the  same  name  when  used  by 
other  persons,  or  which  is  identical  with  a  trade-mark  appro- 
priate to  the  same  class  of  merchandise,  and  belonging  to  a 
different  owner,  and  already  registered  or  received  for  regis- 
tration, or  which  so  nearly  resembles  such  last-mentioned 
trade-mark  as  to  be  likely  to  deceive  the  public.  But  this 
section  shall  not  prevent  the  registry  of  any  lawful  trade- 
mark rightfully  in  use  on  the  eighth  day  of  July,  eighteen 
liundred  and  seventy. 

Sec.  4940.  The  time  of  the  receipt  of  any  trade-mark  at 
the  Patent  Office  for  registration  shall  be  noted  and  recorded. 
Copies  of  the  trade-mark  and  of  the  date  of  the.  receipt 
thereof,  and  of  the  statement  filed  therewith,  under  the  seal 
of  the  Patent  Office,  certified  by  the  Commissioner,  shall  be 
evidence  in  any  suit  in  which  such  trade-mark  shall  be  brought 
in  controversy. 

Sec.  4941.  A  trade-mark  registered  as  above  prescribed 
shall  remain  in  force  for  thirty  years  from  the  date  of  such 
registration  ;  except  in  cases  where  such  trade-mark  is  claimed 
for  and  applied  to  articles  not  manufactured  in  this  country 
and  in  which  it  receives  protecMon  under  the  laws  of  any 
foreign  country  for  a  shorter  period,  in  which  case  it  shall 
cease  to  have  any  force  in  this  country  by  virtue  of  this  act 


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PATENT    LAWS   OF    1874. 


89 


at  the  same  time  that  it  becomes  of  no  effect  elsewhere.  Such 
trade-mark  during  the  period  that  it  remains  in  force  shall 
entitle  the  person,  firm  or  corporation  registering  the  same 
to  the  exclusive  use  thereof  so  far  as  regards  the  description 
of  goods  to  which  it  is  appropriated  in  the  statement  filed 
xmder  oath  as  aforesaid,  and  no  other  person  shall  lawfully 
use  the  same  trade-mark,  or  substantially  the  same,  or  so 
nearly  resembling  it  as  to  be  calculated  to  deceive,  upon  sub- 
stantially the  same  description  of  goods.  And  at  any  time 
during  the  six  months  prior  +0  the  expiration  of  the  term  of 
thirty  years,  application  may  be  made  for  a  renewal  of  such 
registration,  under  regulations  to  be  prescribed  by  the  Com- 
missioner of  Patents.  The  fee  for  such  renewal  shall  be  the 
same  as  for  the  original  registration  ;  and  a  certificate  of  such 
renewal  shall  be  issued  in  the  same  manner  as  for  the  orio;i- 
nal  registration ;  and  such  trade-mark  shall  remain  in  force 
for  a  further  term  of  thirty  years. 

Sec.  4942.  Any  person  who  shall  reproduce,  counterfeit, 
copy,  or  imitate  any  recorded  trade-mark  and  affix  the  same 
to  goods  of  substantially  the  same  descriptive  properties  and 
qualities  as  those  referred  to  in  the  registration,  shall  be 
liable  to  an  action  on  the  case  for  damages  for  such  wrong- 
ful use  of  such  trade-mark,  at  the  suit  of  the  owner  thereof ; 
and  the  party  aggrieved  shall  also  have  his  remedy  accord- 
ing to  the  course  of  equity  to  enjoin  the  wrongful  use  of  his 
trade-mark  and  to  recover  compensation  therefor  in  any 
court  having  jurisdiction  over  the  person  guilty  of  such 
wrongful  use. 

Sec.  4943.  No  action  shall  be  maintained  imder  the  pro- 
visions of  this  chaptf^r  by  any  person  claiming  the  exclusive 
right  to  aiiy  trade-mark  which  is  used  or  claimed  in  any  un- 
lawful business,  or  upon  any  article  which  is  injurious  in 
itself,  or  upon  any  trade-mark  which  has  been  fraudulently 
obtained,  or  which  has  been  formed  and  used  with  the  design 
of  deceiving  the  public  in  the  purchase  or  use  of  any  article 
of  merchandise. 

Sec.  4944.  Any  person  who  shall  procure  the  registry  of 
any  trade-mark,  or  of  himself  as  the  owner  of  a  trade-mark, 
or  an  entry  respecting  a  trade-mark  in  the  Patent  Office,  by 
making  any  false  or  fraudulent  representations  or  declara- 
tions, verbally  or  in  writing,  or  by  any  fraudulent  means, 
shall  be  liable  to  pay  any  damages  sustained  in  consequence 
of  any  such  registry  or  entry,  to  the  person  injured  thereby; 
to  be  recovered  in  an  action  on  the  case. 

Sec.  494S.  Nothing  in  this  chapter  shall  prevent,  lessen, 
impeach,  or  avoid  any  remedy  at  law  or  in  equity,  which  any- 
party  aggrieved  by  any  wrongful  use  of  any  trade-mark 


ii 


L, 


90 


PATENT    LAWS   OF    1 874. 


might  have  had  if  the  provisions  of  this  chapter  had  not  been 
enacted. 

Sec.  4946.  Nothing  in  this  chapter  shall  be  construed  by 
any  court  as  abridging  or  in  any  matter  affecting  unfavora- 
bly the  claim  of  any  person  to  any  trade-mark  after  the 
expiration  of  the  term  for  vrhich  such  trade-mark  was 
registered. 

Sec.  4947.  The  Commissioner  of  Patents  is  authorized  to 
make  rules,  regulations,  and  prescribe  forms  for  the  trans- 
fer of  the  right  to  the  use  of  trade-marks,  conforming  as 
nearly  as  practicable  to  the  requirements  of  law  respecting 
the  transfer  and  transmission  of  copyrights. 


AN    ACT 

TO  PUNISH  THE  COUNTERFEITING  OF  TRADE-MARK  GOODS 
AND  THE  SALE  OR  DEALING  IN  OF  COUNTERFEIT  TRADE- 
MARK   GOODS. 

Approved  August  i/\th,  1876. 

Be  it  enacted  by  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives  of 
the  United  States  of  America  in  Con^qress  assembled.  That 
ev°ry  person  who  shall  with  intent  to  defraud,  deal  in  or  sell, 
or  keep  or  offer  for  sale,  or  cause  or  procure  the  sale  of,  any 
goods  of  substantially  the  same  descriptive  properties  as 
those  raferred  to  in  the  registration  of  any  trade-mark,  pur- 
suant to  the  statutes  of  the  United  States,  to  which,  or  to  the 
package  in  which  the  same  are  put  up,  is  fraudulently  affixed 
said  trade-mark,  or  any  colorable  imitation  thereof,  calcu- 
lated to  deceive  the  public,  knowing  the  same  to  be  counter- 
feit or  not  the  genuine  goods  referred  to  in  said  registration, 
shall,  on  conviction  thereof,  be  punished  by  fine  not  exceed- 
ing one  thousand  dollars,  or  imprisonment  not  more  than 
two  years,  or  both  such  fine  and  imprisonment. 

Sec.  2.  That  every  person  who  fraudulently  affixes,  or 
causes  or  procures  to  be  fraudulently  affixed,  any  trade-mark 
registered  pursuant  to  the  statutes  of  the  United  States,  or 
any  colorable  imitation  thereof,  calculated  to  deceive  the 
public,  to  any  goods,  of  substantially  the  same  descriptive 
properties  as  those  referred  to  in  said  registration,  or  to  the 
package  in  which  they  are  put  up,  knowing  the  same  to  be 
counterfeit,  or  not  the  genuine  goods,  referred  to  in  said  re- 


PATENT    LAWS   OF    1 874. 


91 


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gistration,  shall  on  conviction  thereof,  be  punished  as  pre- 
scribed in  the  first  section  of  this  act. 

Sec.  3.  That  every  person  who  fraudulently  fills,  or  causes 
or  procures  to  be  fraudulently  filled,  any  package  to  which  is 
affixed  any  trade-mark,  registered  pursuant  to  the  statutes  of 
the  United  States,  or  any  colorable  imitation  thereof,  calcu- 
lated to  deceive  th'^  public,  with  any  goods  of  substantially 
the  same  descriptive  properties  as  those  referred  to  in  said 
registration,  knowing  the  same  to  be  counterfeit,  or  not  the 
genuine  goods  referred  to  in  said  registration,  shall,  on  con- 
viction thereof,  be  punished  as  prescribed  in  the  first  section 
of  this  act. 

Sec.  4.  That  any  person  or  persons  who  shall,  with  intent 
to  defraud  any  person  or  persons,  knowingly  and  wilfully 
cast,  engrave,  or  manufacture,  or  have  in  his,  her,  or  their 
possession,  or  buy,  sell,  offer  for  sale,  or  deal  in,  any  die  or 
dies,  plate  or  plates,  brand  or  brands,  engraving  or  engrav- 
ings, on  wood,  stone,  metal,  or  other  substance,  moulds,  or 
any  false  representation,  likeness,  copy,  or  colorable  imita- 
tion of  any  die,  plate,  brand,  engraving,  or  mould  of  any 
private  label,  brand,  stamp,  wrapper,  engraving  on  paper  or 
other  substance,  or  trade-mark,  registered  pursuant  to  the 
statutes  of  the  United  States,  shall,  upon  conviction  thereof, 
be  punished  as  prescribed  in  the  first  section  of  this  act. 

Sec.  5.  That  any  person  or  persons  who  shall,  with  intent 
to  defraud  any  person  or  persons,  knowingly  and  wilfully 
make,  forge,  or  counterfeit,  or  have  in  his,  her,  or  their 
possession,  or  buy,  sell,  offer  for  sale,  or  deal  in,  any  repre- 
sentation, likeness,  similitude,  copy,  or  colorable  imitation 
of  any  private  label,  brand,  stamp,  wrapper,  engraving, 
mould,  or  trade-mark,  registered  pursuant  to  the  statutes  oif 
the  United  States,  shall,  upon  conviction  thereof,  be  punished 
as  prescribed  in  the  first  section  of  this  act. 

Sec.  6.  That  any  person  who  shall,  with  intent  to  injure  or 
defraud  the  owner  of  any  trade-mark,  or  any  other  person 
lawfully  entitled  to  use  or  protect  the  same,  buy,  sell,  offer 
for  sale,  deal  in  or  have  in  his  possession  any  used  or  empty 
box,  envelope,  wrapper,  case,  bottle,  or  other  package,  to 
which  is  affixed,  so  that  the  same  may  be  obliterated  without 
substantial  injury  to  such  box  or  other  thing  aforesaid,  any 
trade-mark,  registered  pursuant  to  the  statutes  of  the  United 
States,  not  so  defaced,  erased,  obliterated,  and  destroyed  as 
to  prevent  its  fraudulent  use,  shall,  on  conviction  thereof,  be 
punished  as  prescribed  in  the  first  section  of  this  act. 

Sec.  7.  That  if  the  owner  of  any  trade-mark,  registered 
pursuant  to  the  statutes  of  the  United  States,  or  his  agent, 
make  oath,  in  writing,  that  be  has  reason  to  believe,  and 


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does  believe,  that  any  counterfeit  dies,  plates,  brands,  en- 
;  gravings  on  wood,  stone,  metal,  or  other  substance,  or 
'  moulds,  of  his  said  registered  trade-mark,  are  in  the  posses- 
sion of  any  person,  with  intent  to  use  the  same  for  the  pur- 
pose of  deception  and  fraud,  or  makes  such  oaths  that  any 
counterfeits  or  colorable  imitations  01  his  said  trade-mark, 
label,  brand,  stamp,  wrapper,  engraving  on  paper  or  other 
substance,  or  empty  box,  envelope,  wrapper,  case,  bottle  or 
other  package,  tc  which  is  afftxed  said  registered  trade-mark 
not  so  defaced,  erased,  obliterated,  and  destroyed  as  to  pre- 
vent its  fraudulent  use,  are  in  the  possession  of  any  person, 
with  intent  to  use  the  same  for  the  purpose  of  deception  and 
fraud,  then  the  several  judges  of  the  circuit  and  district 
courts  of  the  United  States  and  the  Commissioners  of  the 
circuit  courts  may,  within  their  respective  jurisdictions,  pro- 
ceed under  the  law  relating  to  search-warrants,  and  may 
issue  a  search-warrant  authorizing  and  directing  the  marshal 
of  the  United  States  for  the  proper  district  to  search  for  and 
seize  all  said  counterfeit  dies^  plates,  brands,  engravings  on 
wood,  stone,  metal,  or  other  substance,  moulds,  and  said 
counterfeit  trade-marks,  colorable  imitations  thereof,  labels, 
brands,  stamps,  wrappers,  engravings  on  paper,  or  other 
substance,  and  said  empty  boxes,  envelopes,  wrappers,  cases, 
bottles,  or  other  packages  that  can  be  found  ;  and  upon  satis- 
factory proof  being  made  that  said  counterfeit  dies,  plates, 
brands,  engravings  on  wood,  stone,  metal,  or  other  sulDstance, 
moulds,  counterfeit  trade-marks,  colorable  imitations  thereof, 
labels,  brands,  stamps,  wrappers,  engravings  on  paper  or 
other  substance,  empty  boxes,  envelopes,  wrappers,  cases, 
bottles,  or  other  packages,  are  to  be  used  by  the  holder  or 
owner  for  the  purposes  of  deception  and  fraud,  that  any  of  said 
judges  shall  have  full  power  to  order  all  said  counterfeit  dies, 
plates,  brands,  engravings  on  wood,  stone,  metal,  or  other 
substance,  moulds,  counterfeit  trade-marks,  colorable  imita- 
tions thereof,  labels,  brands,  stamps,  wrappers,  engravings  on 
paper  or  other  substance,  empty  boxes,  envelopes,  wrappers, 
cases,  botdes,  or  other  packages,  to  be  publicly  destroyed. 

Sec.  8,  That  any  person  who  shall,  with  intent  to  defraud 
any  person  or  persons,  knowingly  and  wilfully  aid  or  abet 
in  the  violation  of  any  of  the  provisions  of  this  act,  shall, 
upon  conviction  thereof,  be  punished  by  a  fine  not  exceeding 
five  hundred  dollars,  or  imprisonment  not  more  than  one 
year,  or  both  such  fine  and  imprisonment. 


THE 

COPYRIGHT     LAWS 

OF  THE 

UNITED    STATES. 


In  Force  August  i,  1874. 


FROM  THE  REVISED    STATUTES    OF  THE 
UNITED   STATES,   IN   FORCE   DECEM- 
BER I,  1873,  AS  AMENDED  3Y  ACT 
APPROVED  JUNE   18,   1874. 


Sec.  4948,  All  records  and  other  things  relating  to  copy- 
rights and  required  by  law  to  be  preserved,  shall  be  under 
the  control  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress,  and  kept  and  pre- 
served in  the  Library  of  Congress  ;  and  the  Librarian  of 
Congress  shall  have  the  immediate  care  and  supervision 
thereof,  and,  under  the  supervision  of  the  Joint  Committee 
of  Congress  on  the  Library,  shall  perform  all  acts  and  duties 
required  by  law^  touching  copyrights. 

Sec.  4949.  The  seal  provided  for  the  office  of  the  Librarian 
of  Congress  shall  be  the  seal  thereof,  and  by  it  all  records 
and  papers  issued  from  the  office,  and  to  be  used  in  evidence, 
shall  be  authenticated. 

Sec.  4950.  The  Librarian  of  Congress  shall  give  a  bond, 
with  sureties,  to  the  Treasurer  of  the  United  States,  in  the 
sum  of  five  thousand  dollars,  with  the  condition  that  he  will 
render  to  the  proper  officers  of  the  Treasury  a  true  account 
of  all  moneys  received  by  virtue  of  his  office. 

Sec.  4951.  The  Librarian  of  Congress  shall  make  an 
annual  report  to  Congress  of  the  number  and  description  of 
copyri[rht  publications  for  which  entries  have  been  made  dur- 
ing the  year. 

Sec.  4952.  Any  citizen  of  the  United  States,  or  resident 
therein,  who  shall  be  the  author,  inventor,  designer,  or  pro- 
prietor of  any  book,  map,  chart,  dramatic  or  musical  compo- 


94 


COPYRIGHT   LAWS  OF    1874. 


sition,  engraving,  cut,  print,  photograph  or  negative  thereof, 
or  of  a  painting,  drawing,  chromo,  statue,  statuary,  and  of 
models  or  designs  intended  to  be  perfected  as  works  of  the 
fine  arts^  and  the  executors,  administrators,  or  assigns  of 
any  such  person,  shall,  upon  complying  with  the  provisions 
of  this  chapter,  have  the  sole  liberty  of  printing,  reprinting, 
pubhshing,  completing,  copying,  executing,  finishing,  and 
vending  the  same  ;  and,  in  the  case  of  a  dramatic  composi- 
tion, of  publicly  performing  or  representing  it,  or  causing  it 
to  be  performed  or  represented  by  others.  And  authors  may 
reserve  the  right  to  dramatize  or  translate  their  own  works. 

Sec.  4953.  Copyrights  shall  be  granted  for  the  term  of 
twenty-eight  years  from  the  time  of  recording  the  title  there- 
of, in  the  manner  hereinafter  directed. 

Sec.  4954.  The  author,  inventor,  or  designer,  if  he  be  still 
living  and  a  citizen  of  the  United  States  or  resident  there- 
in, or  his  widow  or  children  if  he  be  dead,  shall  have  the 
same  exclusive  right  continued  for  the  further  term  of  four- 
teen years,  upon  recording  the  title  of  the  work  or  descrip- 
tion of  the  article  so  secured  a  second  time,  and  complying 
with  all  other  regulations  in  regard  to  original  copyrights, 
within  six  months  before  the  expiration  of  the  first  term. 
And  such  person  shall,  within  two  months  from  the  date  of 
said  renewal,  cause  a  copy  of  the  record  thereof  to  be  pub- 
lished in  one  or  more  newspapers,  printed  in  the  United 
States,  for  the  space  of  four  weeks. 

Sec.  4955-  Copyrights  shall  be  assignable  in  law  by  any 
mstrument  of  writing,  and  such  assignment  shall  be  recorded 
in  the  office  of  the  Librarian  of  C  jngress  within  sixty  days 
after  its  execution ;  in  default  of  which  it  shall  be  void  as 
against  any  subsequent  purchaser  or  mortgagee  for  a  valu- 
able consideration,  without  notice. 

Sec.  4956.  No  person  shall  be  entitled  to  a  copyright  un- 
less he  shall,  before  publication,  deliver  at  the  office  of  the 
Librarian  of  Congp-ess,  or  deposit  in  the  mail  addressed  to 
the  Librarian  of  Congress,  at  Washington,  District  of  Co- 
lumbia, a  printed  copy  of  the  title  of  the  book  or  other  article, 
or  a  description  of  fhe  painting,  drawing,  chromo,  statue, 
I  statuary,  or  model  or  design  for  a  work  of  the  fine  arts,  for 
I  which    he    desires  a  copyright;     nor  unless  he  shall  also, 
i  within  ten  days  from  the  publication  thereof,  deliver  at  the 
[office  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress,  or  deposit  in  the  mail 
■  addressed  to  the  Librarian  of  Congress,  at  Washington, 
i  District  of  Columbia,  two  copies  of  such  copyright  book  or 
! other  article,  or,  in  case  of   a  painting,   drawing,   statue. 
I  statuary,  model  or  design  for  a  work  of  the  fine  arts,  a  pho- 
i  tograph  of  the  same.    1   . 


H- 


COPYRIGHT    LAWS   OF    1 874. 


95 


-.   .  EC.  4957.  The  Librarian  of  Congress  shall  record  the ' 
name  of  such  copyright  book,  or  other  article,  forthwith  in  a 
book  to  be  kept  for  that  purpose,  in  the  words  following : 
,'*  Library  of  Congress,  to  wit :  Be  it  remembered  that  on  the 

day  of , ,  A.  B.,  of ,  hath  deposited  in  this 

office  the  title  of  a  book  (map,  chart,  or  otherwise,  as  the  case 
may  be,  or  description  of  the  article),  the  title  or  description 
of  which  is  in  the  following  words,  to  wit:  (here  insert 
the  title  or  description,)  the  right  whereof  he  claims  as 
author,  (originator,  or  proprietor,  as  the  case  may  be,)  in  con- 
formity with  the  laws  of  the  United  States  respecting  copy- 
rights. C.  D.,  Librarian  of  Congress."  And  he  shall  give 
a  copy  of  the  title  or  description,  under  the  seal  of  the 
Librarian  of  Congress,  to  the  proprietor  whenever  he  shall 
require  it. 

Sec.  4958.  The  Librarian  of  Congress  shall  receive  from 
the  persons  to  whom  the  services  designated  are  rendered, 
the  following  fees  :  i.  For  recording  the  title  or  description 
of  any  copyright  book  or  other  article,  fifty  cents.  2.  For 
every  copy  under  seal  of  such  record  actually  given  to  the 
person  claiming  the  copyright,  or  his  assigns,  fifty  cents. 
3.  For  recording  and  certifying  any  instrument  of  writing  for 
the  assignment  of  a  copyright,  one  dollar.  4.  For  every 
copy  of  an  assignment,  one  dollar.  All  fees  so  received  shall 
be  paid  into  the  Treasury  of  the  United  States. 

Sec.  4959.  The  proprietor  of  every  copyright  book  or  other 
article  shall  deliver  at  the  office  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress, 
or  deposit  in  the  mail  addressed  to  the  Librarian  of  Con- 
gress, at  Washington,  District  of  Columbia,  within  ten  days 
after  its  public?ition,  two  complete  printed  copies  thereof,  of 
the  best  edition  issued,  or  description  or  photograph  of  such 
article  as  hereinbefore  required,  and  a  copy  of  every  subse- 
quent edition  wherein  any  substantial  changes  shall  be  made. 

Sec.  4960.  For  every  failure  on  the  part  of  the  proprietor 
of  any  copyright  to  deliver,  or  deposit  in  the  mail,  either  of 
the  published  copies,  or  description,  or  photograph,  required 
by  Sections  4956  and  4959,  the  proprietor  of  the  copyright 
shall  be  liable  to  a  penalty  of  twenty-five  dollars,  to  be  re- 
covered by  the  Librarian  of  Congress,  in  the  name  of  the 
United  States,  in  an  action  in  the  nature  of  an  action  of  debt, 
in  any  district  court  of  the  United  States  within  the  jurisdic- 
tion of  which  the  delinquent  may  reside  or  be  found. 

Sec.  4961.  The  postmaster  to  whom  such  copyright  book, 
tide,  or  other  article,  is  delivered,  shall,  if  requested,  give  a 
receipt  therefor ;  and  when  so  delivered  he  shall  mail  it  to  its 
destination. 

Sec.  4962.  No  person  shall  maintain  an  action  for  the  in«> 


96 


COPYRIGHT   LAWS  OF    1874. 


fringement  of  his  copyright  unless  he  shall  give  notice  thereof 
by  inserting  in  the  several  copies  of  every  edition  published, 
on  the  title-page  or  the  page  immediately  following,  if  it  be  a 
book ;  or  if  a  map,  chart,  musical  composition,  print,  cut, 
engraving,  photograph,  painting,  drawing,  chromo,  statue, 
statuary,  or  model  or  design  intended  to  be  perfected  and 
completed  as  a  work  of  the  fine  arts,  by  inscribing  upon  some 
visible  portion  thereof,  or  of  the  substance  on  which  the  same 
shall  be  mounted,  the  following  words,  viz.:  "Entered  ac- 
cording to  act  of  Confess,  in  the  year ,  by  A.  B.,  in 

the  office  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress  at  Washington ;"  or,  at 
his  option,  the  word  "  Copyright,"  together  with  the  year  the 
copyright  was  entered,  and  the  name  of  the  party  by  whom 
it  was  taken  out,  thus :   "  Copyright,  18 — ,  by  A.  B." 

Sec.  4963.  Every  person  who  shall  insert  or  impress  such 
notice,  or  words  of  the  same  purport,  in  or  upon  any  book, 
map,  chart,  musical  composition,  print,  cut,  engraving,  or 
photograph,  or  other  article,  for  which  he  has  not  obtained  a 
copyright,  shall  be  liable  to  a  penalty  of  one  hundred  dollars, 
recoverable  one  half  for  the  person  who  shall  sue  for  such 
penalty,  and  one  half  to  the  use  of  the  United  States. 

Sec.  4964.  Every  person  who,  after  the  recording  of  the 
title  of  any  book  as  provided  by  this  chapter,  shall,  within 
the  term  limited,  and  without  the  consent  of  the  proprietor  of 
the  copyright  first  obtained  in  writing,  signed  in  presence  of 
two  or  more  witnesses,  print,  publish,  or  import,  or,  knowing 
the  same  to  be  so  printed,  published,  or  imported,  shall  sell 
or  expose  to  sale  any  copy  of  such  book,  snail  forfeit  every 
copy  thereof  to  such  proprietor,  and  shall  also  forfeit  and  pay 
such  damages  as  may  be  recovered  in  a  civil  action  by  such 
proprietor  in  any  court  of  competent  jurisdiction. 

SEC.4965.  If  any  person,  aftertherecordingof  the  title  of  any 
map,  chart,  musical  composition,  print,  cut,  engraving,  photo- 
graph, or  chromo,  or  of  the  descriptionof  any  painting,  drawing, 
statue,  statuary,  or  model  or  design  intended  to  be  perfected 
and  executed  as  a  work  of  the  fine  arts,  as  provided  by  this 
chapter,  shall,  within  the  time  limited,  and  without  the  con- 
sent of  the  proprietor  of  the  copyright  first  obtained  in  writ- 
ing, signed  in  presence  of  two  or  more  witnesses,  engrave, 
etch,  work,  copy,  print,  publish,  or  import,  either  in  whole  or 
in  part,  or  by  varying  the  main  design  with  intent  to  evade 
the  law,  or,  knowmg  the  same  to  be  so  printed,  published,  or 
imported,  shall  sell  or  expose  to  sale  any  copy  of  such  map 
or  other  article,  as  aforesaid,  he  shall  forfeit  to  the  proprietor 
all  the  plates  on  which  the  same  shall  be  copied,  ana  every 
sheet  thereof,  either  copied  or  printed,  and  shall  further  for- 
feit one  dollar  for  every  sheet  of  the  same  found  in  his  pos- 


1 


or 
de 
or 


COPYRIGHT    LAWS   OF    1874. 


97 


session,  cither  printing,  printed,  copied,  published,  imported, 
or  exposed  for  sale  ;  and  in  case  of  a  painting,  statue,  or 
statuary,  he  shall  forfeit  ten  dollars  for  every  copy  of  the  same 
in  his  possession,  or  by  him  sold  or  exposed  for  sale ;  one 
half  thereof  to  the  proprietor,  and  the  other  half  to  the  use 
of  the  United  States. 

Sec.  4966.  Any  person  publicly  performing  or  representing 
any  dramatic  composition  for  which  a  copyright  has  been  ob- 
tained, without  the  consent  of  the  proprietor  thereof,  or  his 
heirs  or  assigns,  shall  be  liable  for  damages  therefor ;  such 
damages  in  all  cases  to  be  assessed  at  such  sum,  not  less  than 
one  hundred  dollars  for  the  first,  and  fifty  dollars  for  every 
subsequent  performance,  as  to  the  court  shall  appear  to  be 
just. 

Sec.  4967.  Every  person  who  shall  print  or  publish  any 
manuscript  whatever,  without  the  consent  of  the  author  or 
proprietor  first  obtained,  (if  such  author  or  proprietor  is  a 
citizen  of  the  United  States,  or  resident  therein,)  shall  be 
liable  to  the  author  or  proprietor  for  all  damages  occasioned 
by  such  injury. 

Sec.  4968.  No  action  shall  be  maintained  in  any  case  of 
forfeiture  or  penalty  under  the  copyright  laws,  unless  the  same 
is  commenced  within  two  years  after  the  cause  of  action  has 
arisen. 

Sec.  49<39.  In  all  actions  arising  under  the  laws  respecting 
copyrights  the  defendant  may  plead  the  general  issue,  and 
give  the  special  matter  in  evidence. 

Sec;  4970.  The  circuit  courts,  and  district  courts  having 
the  jurisdiction  of  circuit  courts,  shall  have  power,  upon  bill 
inequity,  filed  by  any  party  aggrieved,  to  grant  injunctions 
to  prevent  the  violation  of  any  right  secured  by  the  laws  re- 
specting copyrights,  according  to  the  course  and  principles  of 
courts  of  equity,  on  such  terms  as  the  court  may  deem  reason- 
able. . 

Seg;  4971.    Nothing  in  this  chapter  shall  be  construed  to 

Erohibit  the  printing,  publishing,  importation,  or  sale  of  any 
ook,  map,  chart,  dramatic  or  musical  composition,  print, 
cut,  engraving,  or  photograph,  written,  composed,  or  made 
by  any  person  not  a  citizen  of  the  United  States  nor  resident 
therelmi'v  ni  ntiih: 


io\b^^m0naments  approved  June  18,  1874. 

B^  it  enacted  By  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives  of 
tkfi  United  States  of  America  in  Congress  Assembled,  That  no 
person  shall  maintain  an  action  for  the  infringement  of  his 
copyright  unless  he  shall  give  notice  thereof  by  inserting  in 


98 


COPYRIGHT    LAWS   OF    1874. 


the  several  copies  of  every  edition  published,  on  the  title- 
page  or  the  page  immediately  followmg,  if  it  be  a  book;  or 
if  a  map,  chart,  musical  composition,  print,  cut,  engraving, 
photograph,  painting,  drawing,  chromo,  statue,  statuary,  or 
model  or  design  intended  to  be  perfected  and  completed  as  a 
work  of  the  fine  arts,  by  inscribing  upon  some  visible  portion 
thereof,  or  of  the  substance  on  which  the  same  shall 
be  mounted,  the  following  words,  viz.:  "Entered  ac- 
cording to  act  of  Congress,  in  the  year ,  by  A.  B.,  in 

the  office  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress,  at  Washington  ;" 
or,  at  his  option,  the  word  "Copyright,"  together  with  the 
year  the  copyright  was  entered,  and  the  name  of  the  party 
by  whom  it  was  taken  out;  thus — "Copyright,  18 — ,  by 
A.  B." 

Sec.  2.  That  for  recording  and  certifying  any  instrument 
of  writing  for  the  assignment  of  a  copyright,  the  Librarian 
of  Congress  shall  receive  from  the  persons  to  whom  the  ser- 
vice is  rendered,  one  dollar ;  and  for  every  copy  of  an  assign- 
ment, one  dollar ;  said  fee  to  cover,  in  either  case,  a  certifi- 
cate of  the  record,  under  seal  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress ; 
and  all  fees  so  received  shall  be  paid  into  the  Treasury  of  the 
United  States. 

COPYRIGHTS  FOR   LABELS. 

Sec.  3.  That  in  the  construction  of  this  act,  the  words 
"engraving,"  "cut,"  and  "print"  shall  be  applied  only  to 
pictorial  illustrations  or  works  connected  with  the  fine  arts, 
and  no  prints  or  labels  designed  to  be  used  for  any  other 
articles  of  manufacture  shall  be  entered  under  the  copyright 
law,  but  may  be  registered  in  the  Patent  Office.  And  the 
Commissioner  of  Patents  is  hereby  charged  with  the  super- 
vision and  control  of  the  entry  or  registry  of  such  prints  or 
labels,  in  conformity  with  the  regulations  provided  by  law  as 
to  copyright  of  prints,  except  that  there  shall  be  paid  for  re- 
cording the  title  of  any  print  or  label  not  a  trade-mark,  six 
dollars,  which  shall  cover  the  expense  of  furnishing  a  copy 
of  the  record  under  the  seal  of  the  Commissioner  of  Patents, 
to  the  party  entering  the  same. 

Sec.  4.  That  all  laws  and  parts  of  laws  inconsistent  with 
the  foregoing  provisions  be  and  the  same  are  hereby 
repealed. 

Sec.  5.  That  this  act  shall  take  effect  on  and  after  the  first 
day  of  August,  eighteen  hundred  and  seventy-four. 

Repeal  Provtstons. 
Title  LXXIV.,  Rev.  Stat.,  p.  1091: 
Sec.  5595.  The  foregoing  seventy-three  titles  embrace  the 


COPYRIGHT    LAWS   OF    1874. 


99 


ith 
rst 


statutes  of  the  United  States  general  and  permanent  in  their 
nature,  in  force  on  the  ist  day  of  December,  one  thousand 
eight  hundred  and  seventy-three,  as  revised  and  consoHdated 
by  commissioners  appointed  under  an  act  of  Congress,  and 
the  same  shall  be  designated  and  cited,  as  The  Revised 
Statutes  of  the  United  States. 

Sec.  5596.  All  acts  of  Congress  passed  prior  to  said  first 
day  of  December,  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  seventy- 
three,  any  portion  of  which  is  embraced  in  any  section  of 
said  revision,  are  hereby  repealed,  and  the  section  applicable 
thereto  shall  be  in  force  in  lieu  thereof;  all  parts  of  such  acts 
not  contained  in  such  revision,  having  been  repealed  or 
superseded  by  subsequent  acts,  or  not  being  general  and 
permanent  in  their  nature :  Provided,  That  the  incorporation 
mto  said  revision  of  any  general  and  permanent  provision, 
taken  from  an  act  making  appropriations,  or  from  an  act 
containing  other  provisions  of  a  private,  local,  or  temporary 
character,  shall  not  repeal,  or  in  any  way  affect  any  appro- 
priation, or  any  provision  of  a  private,  local,  or  temporary 
character,  contained  in  any  of  said  acts,  but  the  same  shall 
remain  in  force ;  and  all  acts  of  Congress  passed  prior 
to  said  last-named  day,  no  part  of  which  are  embraced  in 
said  revision,  shall  not  be  affected  or  changed  by  its  enact- 
ment. 

Sec.  5597.  The  repeal  of  the  several  acts  embraced  in 
said  revision  shall  not  affect  any  act  done,  or  any  right 
accruing  or  accrued,  or  any  suit  or  proceeding  had  or  com- 
menced in  any  civil  cause  before  the  said  repeal,  but 
all  rights  and  liabilities  under  said  acts  shall  continue, 
and  may  be  enforced  in  the  same  manner,  as  if  said  repeal 
had  not  been  made ;  nor  shall  said  repeal  in  any  manner 
affect  the  right  to  any  office,  or  change  the  term  or  tenure 
thereof. 

Sec.  5598.  All  offences  committed,  and  all  penalties  or  for- 
feitures incurred  under  any  statute  embraced  in  said  revision 
prior  to  said  repeal,  may  be  prosecuted  and  punished  in  the 
same  manner  and  with  the  same  effect  as  if  said  repeal  had 
not  been  made. 

Sec.  5599.  All  acts  of  limitation,  whether  applicable  to 
civil  causes  and  proceedings,  or  to  the  prosecution  of 
offences,  or  for  the  recovery  of  penalties  or  forfeitures,  em- 
braced in  said  revision  and  covered  by  said  repeal,  shall  not 
be  affected  thereby,  but  all  suits,  proceedings,  or  prosecu- 
tions, whether  civil  or  criminal,  for  causes  arising  or  acts 
done  or  committed  prior  to  said  repeal,  may  be  commenced 
and  prosecuted  within  the  same  time  as  if  said  repeal  had 
not  been  made. 


lOO 


COPYRIGHT    LAWS   OF    1874. 


Sec.  56CX).  The  arrangement  and  classification  of  the  sev- 
eral sections  of  the  revision  have  been  made  for  the  purpose 
of  a  more  convenient  and  orderly  arrangement  of  the  same, 
and  therefore  no  inference  or  presumption  of  a  legislative 
construction  is  to  be  drawn  by  reason  of  the  Title  under 
which  any  particular  section  is  placed. 

Sec.  5601.  The  enactment  of  the  said  revision  is  not  to 
affect  or  repeal  any  act  of  Congress  passed  since  the  ist  day 
of  December,  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  seventy- 
three,  and  all  acts  passed  since  that  date  are  to  have  full 
effect  as  if  passed  after  the  enactment  of  this  revision,  and  so 
far  as  such  acts  vary  from,  or  conflict  with,  any  provision 
contained  in  said  revision,  they  are  to  have  effect  as  subse- 
cjuent  statutes,  and  as  repealing  any  pordon  of  the  revision 
inconsistent  therewith.  

EFFECTS  OF  HEAT  UPON  BODIES. 


Fahrenheit, 
Deg. 

Cast-iron  melts 2786 

Gold  "     2016 

Copper         "     1996 

Brass  "     1900 

Silver  '*     1873 

Red  heat  visible  by  day, .   1077 
Iron  red-hot  in  twilight,. .     884 

Common  fire 790 

Zinc  melts 773 

Iron,  bright  red  in  dark. . .     752 

Mercury  boils 630 

Lead  melts. 612 

Linseed  oil  boils 600 

Bismuth  melts 497 


Fahrenheit 
Deg. 

Cadmium 450 

Tin  melts 442 

Tin    and     bismuth,      equal 

parts,  melts 283 

Tin  3  parts,  bismuth  5  parts, 

lead  2  parts,  melt 212 

Sodium 190 

Alcohol  boils 174 

Potassium 136 

Ether  boils 98 

Human  blood  (heat  ot) 98 

Strong  wines  freeze 20 

Brandy  freezes 7 

Mercury  freezes —  39 J 


STEAM    PRESSURE    AND    TEMPERATURE. 


Prenflure 

in  lbs. 

p'rsq.ln. 


10 

15 
20 

25 
30 
35 
40 

45 
50 

55 
60 


(.'orrespond'g  i 

1  Pressure 

Corrcsponcrg 
Temperature. 

Pressure 

C'on-espond'g 

Tempt' raturo. 

i    in  lbs. 

in  lbs. 

Tcnipenvture. 

Fahrenheit. 

ip'r  sq.ln. 

Fahrenheit. 

p'rsq.in. 
140 

Fulireiiheit. 

192.4 

1         ^5 

301-3 

357  9 

212.8 

i         70 

306.4 

150 

3^^3-4 

228.5 

i         75 

311. 2 

160 

368.7 

241.0 

80 

315-8 

170 

373*6 

«2si.6 

1         85 

320.1 

180 

378.4 

260.9 

90 

324.3 

190 

382.9 

269.1 

95 

328.2 

2GO 

.387-3 

276.4 

I03 

332.0 

210 

391-5 

283.2 

110 

339-2 

220 

395-5 

289  3 

120 

345.8 

230 

399  4 

295.6 

135 

352.1 

240 

403.1 

I'g 


ELECTRIC    BATTERIES   AND    MAGNETS.     lOI 


ELECTRIC  BATTERIES  AND  MAGNETS. 

The  following  directions,  if  carefully  followed,  will  enable 
any  person  to  make  a  working  galvanic  battery,  electro-mag- 
net, and  a  needle  telegraph,  all  at  a  cost  of  not  exceeding  ten 
or  twenty  cents : 

Take  a  bit  of  common  sheet  zinc— stove  zinc — six  inches 
long,  four  inches  wide.  Bend  it  up  two  inches  from  the  end, 
nick  the  bent  end,  and  wind  the  naked  end  of  a  copper  wire 
around  the  zinc  at  the  nick.  Use  copper  wire,  size  of  a  com- 
mon pin — insulated  wire,  that  is, 
copper  wire  covered  with  thin 
paper  or  cotton,  or  paint  or  var- 
nish. Leave  the  ends  of  the 
wires  uncovered.  Cover  the  zinc 
with  common  white  printing 
paper,  two  thicknesses,  as  shown 
at  I.  The  white  represents  the 
paper.  Provide  a  bit  of  thin 
sheet  lead,  same  size  as  the  zinc, 
bent  in  and  nicked,  but  not 
covered  with  paper.  Attach  one  end  of  a  copper  wire,  as 
shown  at  2. 

Provide  a  common  tea  saucer,  in  which  place  one  ounce  of 
sulphate  of  copper  (to  be  had  for  a  few  cents  at  any  drug- 
store) ;  pour  on  warm  water ;  fill  saucer  two  thirds  full ;  let 
stand  until  dissolved.  Now  put  the  zinc  (i)  in  saucer,  and 
put  the  lead  (2)  on  top  of  the  zinc,  the  ends  standing  above 
the  liquid  as  shown.  You  now  have  a  complete  and  tolera- 
bly strong  galvanic  battery.  When  the  free  ends  of  the  two 
wires  are  touched  together,  a  spark  will  be  seen  at  the  mo- 
ment of  junction.  The  circuit  is  made  or  closed  by  placing 
the  two  wires  together.  The  circuit  is  opened  or  broken  by 
separating  the  wires. 

An  electro-magnet  may  be  made  by  providing  a  small 
wrought-iron  staple,  and  grinding  off  the  pointed  ends. 
Wind  both  legs  with  the  insulated  copper  wire. 
The  mode  of  winding  and  carrying  the  wire  from 
one  leg  to  the  other  is  shown  in  the  cut.  Both 
legs  should,  when  finished,  be  closely  wound,  as 
shown  on  the  left  side. 
Now  connect  the  end  of  the  wire  of  one  of  the 
legs  with  one  of  the  battery  wires,  and  the  wire  of  the  other 
leg  with  the  other  battery  wire,  and  you  will  find  that  the 
staple  is  magnetized.  The  magnetism  ceases  when  the  wires 
are  separated.  Put  a  steel  knife  blade  on  one  leg  of  the 
magnet,   and  the  knife  becomes    permanently  magnetized. 


I02      ELECTRIC    BATTERIES   AND    MAGNETS. 


A  needle  drawn  across  the  magnet  is  also  magnetized,  and 
if  suspended  by  a  thread  it  becomes  a  compass,  and  will 
point  north  and  south.  To  make  such  a  compass,  magnetize 
a  sewing  needle ;  suspend  it  by  a  silk  fibre  drawn  from  a 
piece  of  sewing  silk ;  attach  the  silk  to  a  bit  of  bent  wire,  C, 
the  bottom  of  which  is  stuck  into,  and  supported  by,  a  piece 
of  round  cork,  as  shown  in  the  first  cut. 

Place  the  compass  thus  made  on  a  table,  and  the  needle 
will  point  north  and  south.  Now  place  loosely  on  the  table, 
around  the  cork  base,  two  coils  or  turns  of  the  insulated 
wire.  Connect  one  end  of  the  wire  with  one  of  the  battery 
wires.  Join  the  other  end  of  the  coil  wire  to  the  other  bat- 
tery wire.  An  electrical  current  will  now  go  through  the  coil, 
which  will  move  the  needle.  This  is  the  needle  telegraph. 
By  alternately  separating  and  joining  the  wire  of  the  battery 
and  the  coil  wire,  the  needle  swings.  One  swing  may  be 
called  A;  two  swings,  B;  three,  C,  etc.  In  this  way  intel- 
ligible signals  are  sent.  A  needle  smaller  than  that  here 
shown  in  the  cut  is  used  for  telegraphing  through  the  cable 
under  the  Atlantic  Ocean  between  Europe  and  America. 
On  land  lines  in  England  larger  needles  are  used,  but  in 
this  country  a  magnet  is  used  which  draws  down  a  lever  with 
such  force  as  to  make  a  click.  A  long  click  and  a  short  click 
mean  A  ;  a  short  click,  E  ;  two  short  clicks,  I.  The  battery 
wire  and  the  coil  wire  are  alternately  joined  and  separated  by 
a  pivoted  finger  lever  called  a  key. 


HEAT  AND   ELECTRICAL  CONDUCTIVITY. 


Substances. 


Silver 

Copper — 

Gold 

Brass 

Zinc 

Tin 

Steel  

Iron 

Lead 

Platinum. 
Palladium 
Bismuth.. 


Heat 
Conductivity. 


loo.o 
73.6 

53-2 
23.6 
19.9 

14.5 
12.0 

ZX.9 

8.5 
6.4 

6.3 
1.8 


Electrical 
Conductivity. 


100.  o 

73-3 
58. 5 
•S 


21. 


22.6 

•  •  •  • 

13.0 
10.7 
10.3 

1.9 


L 


DISTINGUISHED    AMERICAN    INVENTORS.    I03 


iv      DISTINGUISHED  AMERICAN  INVENTORS. 

Benjamin  Franklin;  b.  Boston,  1706;  d.  1790;  at  12, 
printer's  apprentice,  fond  of  useful  reading  ;  27  to  40,  teaches 
himself  Latin,  etc.,  makes  various  useful  improvements;  at 
40  studies  electricity  ;  1752,  brings  electricity  from  clouds  by 
kite,  and  invents  the  lightning-rod. 

Eli  Whitney,  inventor  of  the  cotton-gin;  b.  West- 
borough,  Mass.,  1765;  d.  1825;  went  to  Georgia  1792  as 
teacher ;  1795  invents  the  cotton-gin,  prior  to  which  a  full 
day's  work  of  one  person  was  to  clean  by  hand  one  pound  of 
cotton  ;  one  machine  performs  the  labor  of  five  thousand 
persons ;  1800,  founds  Whitneyville,  makes  firearms,  by  the 
mterchangeable  system  for  the  parts. 

Robert  Fulton;  b.  Little  Britain,  Pa.,  1765;  d.  1825; 
artist  painter;  invents  steamboat  1793;  invents  submarine 
torpedoes  1797  to  1801  ;  builds  steamboat  in  France  1803; 
launches  passenger-boat  Clermont  at  N.  Y.  1807,  and  steams 
to  Albany ;  1812,  builds  steam  ferryboats  ;  1814,  builds  first 
steam  war-vessel. 

Jethro  Wood,  inventor  of  the  modern  cast-iron  plough  ; 
b.  White  Creek,  N.  Y.,  1774;  ^-  1834;  patented  the  plough 
1814.  Previously  the  plough  was  a  stick  of  wood  plated  with 
iron.  Lawsuits  against  infringers  consumed  his  means. 
Secretary  Seward  said :  "  No  man  has  benefited  the  country 
pecuniarily  more  than  Jethro  Wood,  and  no  man  has  been 
as  inadequately  rewarded." 

Thomas  Blanchard;  b.  1788,  Sutton,  Mass.;  d.  1864; 
invented  tack  machine  1806;  builds  successful  steam  carriage 
1825  ;  builds  the  stern-wheel  boat  for  shallow  waters,  now  in 
common  use  on  Western  rivers  ;  1843,  patents  the  lathe  for 
turning  irregular  forms,  now  in  common  use  all  over  the 
world  for  turning  lasts,  spokes,  axe-handles,  gun-stocks,  hat- 
blocks,  tackle-blocks,  etc. 

Ross  WiNANS,  of  Baltimore  ;  b.  1798,  N.  J. ;  author  of 
many  inventions  relating  to  railways  ;  first  patent,  1828 ;  he 
designed  and  patented  the  pivoted,  double-truck,  long  pas- 
senger cars  now  in  common  use.  His  genius  also  assisted 
the  development  of  railways  in  Russia. 

Cyrus  H.  McCormick,  inventor  of  harvesting  ma- 
chines;  b.  Walnut  Grove,  Va.,  1809;  ^"  ^851  he  exhibited 
his  invention  at  the  World's  Fair,  London,  with  practical 
success.  The  mowing  of  one  acre  was  one  day's  man's 
work ;  a  boy  with  a  mowing-machine  now  cuts  10  acres  a  day. 
Mr.  McCormick's  patents  made  him  a  millionaire. 

Charles  Goodyear,  inventor  and  patentee  of  the  simple 
mixture  of  rubber  and  sulphur,  the  basis  of  the  present  great 


f 


104    DISTINGUISHED    AMERICAN    INVENTORS. 


3> 


"V 


CELEBRATED    AMERICAN    INVENTIONS.      I05 


L. 


Io6    DISTINGUISHED    AMERICAN    INVENTORS. 


rubber  industries  throughout  the  world;  b.  New  Haven, 
Conn,,  1800;  in  1839,  by  the  accidental  mixture  of  a  bit  of 
rubber  and  sulphur  on  a  red-hot  stove,  he  discovered  the  pro- 
cess of  vulcanization.  The  Goodyear  patents  proved  im- 
mensely profitable. 

Samuel  F.  B.  Morse,  inventor  and  patentee  of  electric 
telegraph;  b.  Charlestown,  Mass.,  1791 ;  d.  1872;  artist 
painter;  exhibited  first  drawings  of  telegraph  1832;  half-mile 
wire  in  operation  1835 ;  caveat  1837  ;  Congress  appropriated 
$30,000,  and  in  1844  first  telegraph  line  from  Washington  to 
Baltimore  was  opened;  after  long  contests,  the  courts  sus- 
tained his  patents,  and  he  realized  from  them  a  large  fortune. 

Elias  Howe,  inventor  of  the  modern  sewing-machine  ;  b. 
Spencer,  Mass.,  1819 ;  d.  1867;  machinist;  sewing-machine 
patented  1846.  From  that  time  to  1854  his  priority  was  con- 
tested, and  he  suffered  from  poverty,  when  a  decision  of  the 
courts  in  his  favor  brought  him  large  royalties,  and  he  realized 
several  millions  from  his  patent. 

James  B.  Eads;  b.  1820;  author  and  constructor  of  the 
great  steel  bridge  over  the  Mississippi  at  St.  Louis,  1867,  and 
tne  jetties  below  New  Orleans  1876.  His  remarkable  enfergy 
wasshcvvn  in  1861,  when  he  built  and  dehvered  complete  to 
Government,  all  within  sixty-five  days,  seven  iron-plated  steam- 
ers, 600  tons  each  ;  subsequently  other  steamers.  Some  of  the 
most  brilHant  successes  of  the  Union  arms  were  due  to  his 
extraordinary  rapidity  in  constructing  these  vessels. 

James  Lyall,  N.  Y.  City;  b.  1836;  invented  a  simple 
mixture,  1863,  for  enamelling  cloth  for  knapsacks,  etc.,  from 
which  he  realized  a  fortune ;  in  1868  patented  the  positive- 
motion  loom,  from  which  patent  he  has  acquired  great  riches  ; 
is  the  founder  and  manager  of  several  great  establishments  ; 
at  one  of  these.  Twenty-third  street,  N.  Y.,  4000  hands  are 
employed.  This  loom  increases  the  production  and  lessens 
the  cost  of  woven  fabrics.  A  single  loom,  attended  by  one 
girl,  turns  out  320  square  yards  in  10  hours,  the  fabric  being  8 
yards  or  more  wide. 

The  first  recorded  patent  granted  by  the  United  States 
Government  bears  date  July  31st,  1790,  issued  to  Samuel 
Hopkins  for  making  pot  and  pearl  ashes.  Two  other 
patents  were  granted  in  that  year.  In  the  following  year, 
1791,  thirty-three  patents  were  granted.  Among  them  were 
six  patents  to  James  Rumsay  and  one  to  John  Fitch  for  inven- 
tions relating  to  steam-engines  and  steam-vessels.  For  the 
single  year  of  1876,  the  number  of  patents  and  caveats  ap- 
plied for  was  almost  twenty  thousand. 


MECHANICAL   MOVEMENTS. 


107 


8 


MECHANICAL  MOVEMENTS. 

In  the  construction  of  models,  or  machinery,  the  skilful 
mechanic  and  inventor  will  study  to  avoid  clumsiness  in  the 
arrangement  of  parts,  and  will  naturally  take  pride  in  select- 
ing, as  far  as  possible,  the  simplest  and  best  forms  of  me- 
chanical movements.  As  suggestive  for  this  purpose  we 
have  brought  together  and  condensed  an  extensive  series  of 
mechanical  movements.  Here  the  mechanic  may  find  at  a 
glance  the  movement  suited  for  his  purpose,  and  may  see 
the  separate  parts  best  adapted  to  any  special  combination 
of  mechanism. 

The  following  is  a  brief  description  of  the  various  move- 
ments, as  numbered  : 

I.  Shaft  coupling.  2.  Claw  coupling.  3,  4.  Lever  coup- 
lings. On  the  driving  shaft,  a  disk  with  spurs  is  mounted, 
and  to  the  shaft  to  be  driven  a  lever  is  hinged.  By  causing 
this  lever  to  catch  in  the  spurs  of  the  disk,  the  coupling  is  eN 
fected.     5.  Knee  or  rose  coupling,  of  which  26  is  a  side  view. 

6.  Universal  joint.  7,  8.  Disk  and  spur  coupling.  9. 
Prong  and  spur  lever  coupling. 

10.  I'ast  and  loose  pulley.  11.  Sliding  gear,  the  journal 
boxes  of  one  of  the  wheels  being  movable.  12.  Friction 
clutch.  By  tightening  or  releasing  a  steel  band,  encircling 
a  pulley  on  the  shaft,  the  machinery  is  thrown  in  or  out  of 
gear.  13,  14.  Shoe  and  lever  brakes.  15,  16.  Change  of 
motion  by  sheaves.  17.  Spiral  flanged  shaft.  18.  Con- 
nected with  the  rod  are  pawl  links,  catching  into  ratchet- 
teeth  in  the  wheel  to  which  rotary  motion  is  to  be  imparted. 
When  the  rod  moves  in  one  direction,  one  of  the  pawls  acts  ; 
and  when  the  rod  moves  in  the  opposite  direction,  the  other 
pawl  acts  in  the  same  direction  as  the  first.  19.  The  recip- 
rocating motion  of  a  rod  is  converted  into  rotary  motion  of 
the  fly-wheel  by  a  weight  suspended  from  a  cord,  which 
passes  over  a  small  pulley  that  connects  with  a  treadle,  from 
which  the  motion  is  transmitted  to  the  fly-wheel. 

20.  "  Flying  horse,"  used  in  fairs  for  amusement.  By 
pulling  the  cords  radiating  from  the  crank,  the  persons  occu- 
py, i  ig  the  seats  or  horses  on  the  ends  of  the  arms  are  enabled 
to  keep  the  apparatus  in  motion.  21,  22.  Bow-string  ar- 
rangements, to  connect  reciprocating  into  rotary  motion. 
23.  Same  purpose  by  differential  screw.  24.  The  same  by 
double  rack  and  wheels.  25.  Coupling  for  square  shafts. 
26.  Side  view  of  Fig.  5.  27.  Sliding-spur  pulley  coupling. 
28.  Lever  with  bearing  roller  to  tighten  pulley  bands.  29. 
Chain  wheel. 

30.    Reciprocating    rectilinear   into   reciprocating   rotary 


loa 


MECHANICAL    MOVEMENT^.! 


motion  by  two  racks  and  cog-wheel.  31.  Oblique-toothed 
wheels.  32.  Worm  and  worm-wheel.  33,  ^.  Claw  coup- 
ling with  hinged  lever.  35,  36.  Disk  couphngs,  with  lugs 
and  cavities.  37.  Disk  couphng  with  screw  bolts.  38,  39, 
40.  Shaft  couphngs. 

41.  Face  view  of  Fig.  12.  42.  Friction  cones.  43.  Fric- 
tion pulleys.  44.  Self-releasing  coupling.  Disks  with  ob- 
lique teeth.  If  the  resistance  to  the  driven  shaft  increases 
beyond  a  certain  point,  the  disks  separate.  45.  Hoisting 
blocks.  46.  Elbow  crank,  for  changing  motion.  47.  Re- 
ciprocating into  rotary  motion  by  zigzag  groove  on  cylinder. 
48.  Another  form  of  Fig.  29.  49.  Reciprocating  into  a  ro- 
tary motion. 

50.  Same  purpose.  51.  Same  purpose,  by  double  rack 
and  two  ratchet  pinions.  ^  v  hen  the  aouble  rack  moves  in 
one  direction,  one  pinion  is  rigid  with  the  shaft ;  when  the 
rack  moves  in  the  opposite  direction,  the  other  pinion  is  rigid, 
and  a  continuous  rotary  motion  is  imparted  to  the  fly-wheel 
shaft.  52.  Reciprocating  into  oscillatmg.  53.  Rotary  into 
reciprocating.  By  the  action  of  the  wheel-pins  the  carriage 
is  moved  in  one  direction,  and  by  the  action  of  said  pins  on 
an  elbow-lever,  it  is  moved  in  the  opposite  direction.  54. 
Stamp  rod  and  lifting  cam.  55.  For  giving  reciprocating 
motion  to  rack.  56.  Same  motion  to  a  bar  with  slot,  by 
means  of  an  eccentric  pin  projecting  from  a  revolving  disk, 
and  catching  in  the  slot.  57.  Walking-beam  and  fly-wheel. 
58.  Reciprocating  motion  to  pump  or  other  rod  by  means 
of  eccentric  disk  and  friction  rollers.  See  81  and  104.  59. 
Hoisting  crane. 

60.  Friction  gears.  See  43.  61.  Rotary  into  reciprocat- 
ing by  rising  and  falling  pinion  acting  on  endless  raclc.  62. 
By  the  revolving  cam,  a  rising  and  falling  or  a  reciprocating 
rectilinear  motion  is  imparted  to  a  drum.  63.  Reciprocating 
motion  to  a  frame  by  means  of  endless  rack  and  pinion.  64. 
Reciprocating  rectilinear  motion  to  a  toothed  rack  by  a 
toothed  segment  on  a  lever-arm,  which  is  subjected  to  the 
action  of  a  weight,  and  of  an  eccentric  wrist-pin,  projecting 
from  a  revolving  disk.  65.  Reciprocating  motion  to  a  rod. 
The  wheels  are  of  different  diameters,  and  consequently  the 
rod  has  to  rise  and  fall  as  the  wheels  revolve.  (See  no.) 
66.  Cam  and  elbow  lever.  67.  Rod  reciprocates  by  means 
of  cam.  68.  Revolving  into  reciprocating  motion,  by  an  end- 
less segmental  rack  and  pinion,  the  axle  of  which  revolves 
and  slides  in  a  slot  toward  and  from  the  rack.  This  rack  is 
secured  to  a  disk,  and  a  rope  round  said  disk  extends  to  the 
body  to  which  a  reciprocating  motion  is  to  be  imparted.  69. 
Elliptic  gears. 


MECHANICAL   MOVEMENTS. 


109 


70.  Bevel  gear.  71.  Worm  and  worm  wheel.  72.  Trans- 
mitting motion  from  one  axle  to  another,  with  three  different 
velocities,  by  means  of  toothed  segments  of  unequal  diame- 
ters. 73.  Continuous  revolving  into  reciprocating,  by  a  cam- 
disk  acting  on  an  oscillating  lever.  74.  Intermittent  revolv- 
ing motion  to  a  shaft  with  two  pinions,  and  segment  gear- 
wheel on  end  of  shaft.  75.  Oscillating  lever,  carrying  pawls 
which  engage  teeth  in  the  edges  of  a  bar  to  which  rectilinear 
motion  is  imparted.  76.  Oscillating  lever,  connects  by  a 
link  with  a  rod  to  which  a  rectilinear  motion  is  imparted,  "jt. 
Oscillating  lever  and  pawls,  which  gear  in  the  ratchet-wheel. 
78.  Common  treadle.  79.  Describing  on  a  revolving  cylin- 
der a  spiral  line  of  a  certain  given  pitch  which  depends  upon 
the  comparative  sizes  of  the  pinion  and  bevel-wheels. 

80.  Marking  a  spiral  line,  the  graver  moved  by  a  screw. 
81.  (See  Fig.  58.)  82.  Plunger  and  rods.  83.  Crosshead 
and  rods.  84.  Reciprocating  rod  guided  by  friction  rollers. 
85.  Revolving  into  reciprocating  motion,  by  means  of  joller- 
arms,  extending  from  a  revolving  shaft,  and  acting  on  lugs 
projecting  from  a  reciprocating  frame.     86.  Crank  motion. 

87.  Reciprocating  motion  by  toothed  wheel  and  spring  bar. 

88.  The  shaft  carries  a  taper,  which  catches  against  a  hook 
hinged  to  the  drum,  so  as  to  carry  said  drum  along  and  raise 
the  weight  on  the  rope.  When  the  tappet  has  reached  its 
highest  position,  the  hook  strikes  a  pin,  the  hook  disengages 
from  the  tappet,  and  the  weight  drops.  89.  Reciprocating 
motion  to  a  rod  by  means  of  a  groove  in  an  oblique  ring  se- 
cured to  a  revolving  shaft. 

90.  Double  crank.  91.  Cam  groove  in  a  drum,  to  produce 
reciprocating  motion.  92.  Belts  and  pulleys.  93.  Pulleys, 
belts,  and  niternal  gear.  94.  As  the  rod  moves  up  and 
down,  the  teeth  of  the  cog-wheel  come  in  contact  with  a 
pawl,  and  an  intermittent  rotary  motion  is  imparted  to  said 
wheel.  95.  By  turning  the  horizontal  axles  with  different 
velocities,  the  middle  wheel  is  caused  to  revolve  with  the 
mean  velocity.  96.  Oscillating  lever  and  cam  groove  in  a 
disk.  97.  Lazy  tongs.  98.  Oscillating  segment  and  belt 
over  pulleys.  99.  Converting  oscillating  into  a  reciprocating 
motion  by  a  cam-slot  in  the  end  of  the  oscillating  lever  which 
catches  over  a  pin  projecting  from  one  of  the  sides  of  a  paral- 
lelogram which  is  connected  to  the  rod  to  which  reciprocat- 
ing motion  is  imparted. 

100.  Oscillating  motion  of  a  beam  into  rotary  motion, 
loi.  Motion  of  a  treadle  into  rotary  motion.  102.  Double- 
acting  beam.  103.  Single-acting  beam.  104.  (See  Figures 
58  and  81.)  105.  Device  to  steady  a  piston  by  a  slotted 
guide-piece,  operated  by  an  eccentric  on  the  driving-shaft. 


no 


MECHANICAL    MOVEMENTS. 


io6.  Rod  operated  by  two  toothed  segments.  107.  Two 
cog-wheels  of  equal  diameter,  provided  with  a  crank  of  the 
same  lenp+h,  and  connected  by  links  with  a  cross-bar  to 
which  the  jjiston-rod  is  secured.  108.  Device  for  a  rectilin- 
ear motion  of  a  piston-rod  based  on  the  hypocycloidal  mo- 
tion of  a  pinion  in  a  stationary  wheel  with  internal  gear. 
If  the  diameter  of  the  pinion  is  exactly  equal  to  one  half  the 
diameter  of  the  internal  gear,  the  hypocycloid  becomes  a 
eight  line.     109.  Same  purpose  as  56. ' 

no.  Action  similar  to  65.  in.  Revolving  motion  by  a 
circular  sliding  pinion  gearing  in  an  elliptical  cog-wheel. 
112.  Similar  to  96.  113.  Carpenter's  clamp.  The  jaws  turn 
on  their  pivot-screws,  and  clamp  the  board.  114.  An  irregu- 
lar vibratory  motion  is  given  to  the  arm  carrying  the  wheel  A, 
by  the  rotation  of  the  pinion  B.  115.  Intermittent  rotary  motion 
of  the  pinion-shaft,  by  the  continuous  rotary  motion  of  the 
large  wheel.  The  part  of  the  pinion  shown  next  the  wheel  is 
cut  on  the  same  curve  as  the  plain  portion  of  the  circumfer- 
ence, and,  therefore,  serves  as  a  lock  whilst  the  wheel  makes 
a  part  of  a  revolution,  and  until  the  pin  upon  the  wheel 
strikes  the  guide-piece  upon  the  pinion,  when  the  pinion- 
shaft  commences  another  revolution.  116.  Stop-motion  used 
in  watches  to  limit  the  number  of  revolutions  in  winding  up. 
The  convex  curved  part,  a,  b,  of  the  wheel  B,  serving  as  the 
stop.  117.  Several  wheels,  by  connecting-rods,  driven  from 
one  pulley.  118.  Intermittent  circular  motion  is  imparted  to 
the  toothed  wheel  by  vibrating  the  arm  B.  When  the  arm  B 
is  lifted,  the  pawl  is  raised  from  between  the  teeth  of  the 
wheel,  and  travelling  backward  over  the  circumference  again, 
drops  between  two  teeth  on  lowering  the  arm,  and  draws 
with  it  the  wheel.  119.  Reciprocating  rectilinear  motion  is 
given  to  the  bar  by  the  continuous  motion  of  the  cam.  The 
cam  is  of  equal  diameter  in  every  direction  measured  across 
its  centre. 

120.  Mechanism  for  revolving  the  cylinder  in  Colt's  fire- 
arms. When  the  hammer  is  drawn  back  the  dog,  a,  attach- 
ed to  the  tumbler,  acts  on  the  ratchet,  b,  on  the  back  of  the 
cylinder,  and  is  held  up  to  the  ratchet  by  a  spring,  c.  121. 
Alternate  increasing  and  diminishing  motion,  by  means  of 
eccentric  toothed  wneel  and  toothed  cylinder.  122.  Oscil- 
lating or  pendulum  engine.  The  cylinder  swings  between 
trunnions  like  a  pendulum.  The  piston-rod  connects  direct- 
ly with  crank.  123.  Intermittent  rotary  motion.  The  small 
wheel  is  driven,  and  the  friction  rollers  on  its  studs  move  the 
larger  wheel  by  working  against  the  faces  of  oblique  grooves 
or  projections  across  the  face  thereof.  124.  Longitudinal 
and  rotary  motion  of  the  rod  is  produced  by  its  arrangement 


MECHANICAL    MOVEMENTS. 


Ill 


between  two  rotating  rollers,  the  axles  of  which  are  oblique 
to  each  other.  125.  Friction  indicator  of  Roberts.  Upon 
the  periphery  of  the  belt-pulley  a  loaded  carriage  is  placed, 
its  tongue  connected  with  an  indicator.  With  a  given  load 
the  indicating  pointer  remains  in  a  given  position,  no  matter 
what  velocity  is  imparted  to  tha  pulley.  When  the  load  is 
changed  the  indicator  changes,  thus  proving  that  the  friction 
of  wheels  is  in  proportion  to  load,  not  velocity.  126.  Circular 
intermittent  rectilinear  reciprocating  motion.  Used  on  sew- 
ing-machines for  driving  the  shuttle  ;  also  on  three-revolution 
cylinder  printing-presses.  127.  Continuous  circular  into  in- 
termittent circular  motion.  The  cam  is  the  driver.  128. 
Sewing-machine,  four-motion  feed.  The  bar  B  carries  the 
feeding-points  or  spurs,  and  is  pivoted  to  slide  A.  B  is  lift- 
ed by  a  radial  projection  on  cam  C,  which  at  the  same  time 
also  carries  A  and  B  forward.  A  spring  produces  the  return 
stroke,  and  the  bar,  B,  drops  by  gravity.  129.  Patent  crank 
motion,  to  obviate  dead  centres.  Pressure  on  the  treadle 
moves  the  slotted  slide  A  forward  until  the  wrist  passes  the 
centre,  when  the  spring  B  forces  the  slide  against  the  stops 
until  next  forward  movement. 

130.  Four-way  cock.  131.  One  stroke  of  the  piston  gives 
a  complete  revolution  to  the  crank.  132.  Rectilinear  motion 
of  variable  velocity  is  given  to  the  vertical  bar  by  rotation  of 
the  shaft  of  the  curved  arm.  133.  Pantagraph  for  copying, 
enlarging,  and  reducing  plans,  etc.  C,  fixed  point.  B,  ivory 
tracing  point.  A,  pencil  trace,  the  lines  to  be  copied  with, 
and  B,  the  pencil,  will  reproduce  it  double  size.  Shift  the 
slide  to  which  C  is  attached,  also  the  pencil  slide,  and  size  of 
the  copy  will  be  varied.  134.  Ball-and-socket  joint  for 
tubing.  135.  Numerical  registering  device.  The  teeth  of 
the  worm  shaft-gear  with  a  pair  of  worm-wheels  of  equal 
diameter,  one  having  one  tooth  more  than  the  other.  If  the 
first  wheel  has  iod  teeth  and  the  second  loi,  the  pointers  will 
indicate  respectively  loi  and  10.100  revolutions.  136.  Mont- 
golfier's  hydraulic  ram.  The  right  hand  valve  being  kept 
open  by  a  weight  or  spring,  the  current  flowing  through  the 
pipe  in  the  direction  of  the  arrow,  escapes  thereby.  When 
the  pressure  of  the  water  current  overcomes  the  weight  of  the 
right  valve,  the  momentum  of  the  water  opens  the  other 
valve,  and  the  water  passes  into  the  air-chamber.  On  equi- 
librium taking  place,  the  left  valve  shuts  and  the  right  valve 
opens.  By  this  alternate  action  of  the  valves,  water  is 
raised  into  the  air-chamber  at  every  stroke.  137.  Rotary 
engine.  Shaft  B  and  hub  C  are  arranged  eccentric  to  the 
case.  Sliding  radial  pistons,  «,  a,  move  in  and  out  of  hub, 
C.     The  pistons  slide  through  rolling  packings  in  the  hub  C. 


112 


MULTUM   IN    PARVO. 


138.  Quadrant  engine.  Two  single-acting  pistons,  B,  B, 
connect  with  crank  D.  Steam  is  admitted  to  act  on  the  outer 
sides  of  the  pistons  alternately  through  valve  a,  and  the  ex- 
haust is  between  the  pistons.  139.  Circular  into  rectilinear 
motion.  The  scolloped  wheel  communicates  motion  to  the 
horizontal  oscillating  rod,  and  imparts  rectilinear  movement 
to  the  upright  bar.  140.  Rotary  motion  transmitted  by  roll- 
ing contact  between  two  obliquely  arranged  shafts. 

MULTUM    IN    PARVO. 

We  have  some  queer  correspondents  :  One  writes  to  know 
if  we  will  not  be  so  good  as  to  send  a  messenger  to  an  ad- 
dress which  he  gives,  up  town — distance  two  and  a  half  miles 
from  our  office — to  make  certain  inquiries  for  him.  It  would 
require  one  and  a  half  hours'  time  to  do  the  errand,  and  not 
a  stamp  inclosed.  Another  wants  us  to  write  a  letter  and 
tell  him  where  to  get  a  combined  thermometer  and  bar- 
ometer. Another,  "will  you  be  good  enough  to  give  me  the 
names  and  addresses  of  several  of  the  makers  of  the  best 
brick  machines?"  another  wants  water-wheels;  another 
threshing  machines  :  each  writer  desires  our  written  opinion 
as  to  which  is  the  best  device,  with  our  reasons,  and  not  one 
is  thoughtful  enough  to  inclose  a  fee,  or  to  reflect  that  to 
answer  his  request  will  consume  considerable  of  our  time. 
Another  party  wishes  us  to  write  to  him  the  recipe  for  making 
ornaments  out  of  coal  tar,  where  he  can  buy  the  mixture 
ready  for  use,  and  how  much  chequer-men  will  sell  for  in  the 
New  York  market.  For  this  information  he  sends  us  the 
generous  sum  of  three  cents  in  postage  stamps.  Mr.  C  wants 
us  to  tell  him  of  some  valuable  invention,  of  which  he  can 
buy  the  patent  cheap,  that  would  be  suitable  for  him  to  take 
to  sell,  on  his  travels  out  West,  by  towns,  counties,  etc.,  three 
cents  inclosed.  Others  want  us  to  put  them  in  communica- 
tion with  some  person  who  will  purchase  an  interest  in  their 
inventions,  or  manufacture  for  them,  or  furnish  this  or  that 
personal  information,  our  reply  to  be  printed  in  THE  Scien- 
tific American.  We  are  at  all  times  happy  to  serve  our 
correspondents,  but  if  replies  to  purely  personal  errands  are 
expected,  a  small  fee,  say  from  one  to  five  dollars,  should  be 
sent. 


Harness  Blacking. — Melt  i  pound  bees-wax,  stir  in  4 
ounces  ivory-black,  2  ounces  spirits  turpentine,  2  ounces 
Prussian  blue  ground  in  oil,  and  %  ounce  copal  varnish. 
Make  into  balls.  With  a  bnish  apply  it  to  harness,  and  pol- 
ish with  silk  gently. 


114 


MBOHANICAL  MOVEMENTS. 


ill; 


lift 


MECHANICAL  MOVJBMKNT8. 


^ 


MECHANICAL   MOVEMENTS. 


117 


U2P 


133 


j^^^— 


/J7 


122 


126 


123 


•^ 


m 


127 


134- 


135 


139 


12* 


128 


132 


1-. 


118 


HOW  TO   COMPUTE  HORSE-POWER. 


HOKSE-POWEB. 

When  Watt  began  to  introduce  his  steam-engines  he 
wislied  to  be  able  to  state  their  power  aa  compared  with 
that  of  horses,  wnich  were  then  generally  employed  for 
driving  mills.  He  accordingly  made  a  series  of  experiments, 
which  led  him  to  the  conclusion  that  the  average  power  of 
a  horse  was  sufficient  to  raise  about  33,000  lbs.  one  foot  in 
vertical  height  per  minute,  pnd  this  has  been  adopted  in 
England  and  this  country  as  the  general  measure  of  power. 

A  waterfall  has  one  horse-power  for  every  33,000  lbs.  uf 
water  flowing  in  the  stream  per  minute,  for  each  foot  of 
fall.  To  compute  the  power  of  a  stream,  therefore,  multi- 
ply the  area  of  its  cross  section  in  feet  by  the  velocity  in 
feet  per  minute,  and  we  have  the  number  of  cubic  feet  flow- 
ing along  the  stream  per  minute.  Multiply  this  by  62|, 
the  number  of  pounds  in  a  cubic  foot  of  water,  and  this  by 
the  vertical  fall  in  feet,  and  we  have  the  foot-pounds  per 
minute  of  the  fall ;  dividing  by  33,000  gives  us  the  horse- 
power. 

For  example :  A  stream  flows  throup;h  a  flume  10  feet 
wide,  and  the  depth  of  the  water  is  4  feet ;  the  area  of  the 
cross  section  will  be  40  feet.  The  velocity  Is  150  feet  per 
minute — 40  XI 50 =6000= the  cubic  feet  of  water  flowing 
per  minute.  6000X62^=3'75,000=the  pounds  of  water 
flowing  per  minute.  The  fall  is  10  feet;  10X376,000= 
3,760,000=the  foot-pounds  of  the  water-fall.  Divide  3,750,- 
000  by  33,000,  and  we  have  113|i  as  the  horse-power  of 
the  fall. 

The  power  of  a  steam-engine  is  calculated  by  multiplying 
together  the  area  t  e  piston  in  inches,  the  mean  pressure 
in  pounds  per  squa  inch,  the  length  of  the  stroke  in  feet, 
and  the  number  of  strokes  per  minute;  and  dividing  by 
33,000.  ';         r 

Water-wheels  yield  from  60  to  91  per  cent  of  the  water. 
The  actual  power  of  a  steam-engine  is  le^s  than  the  indicat- 
ed power,  owing  to  a  loss  from  friction ;  the  amount  of  this 
loss  varies  with  the  arrangement  of  the  enguie  and  th«  per- 
fection of  the  workmanship; 


ft 


PROPERTIES    OP    CHARCOAL. 


119 


Iw  j 


FBOPEBTIES  OF  CHARCOAL. 

-Although  charcoal  is  so  combustible,  it  is,  in  some  re- 
spects a  very  unchangeable  substance,  resisting  the  action 
of  a  great  variety  of  other  substances  upon  it.  Hence  posts 
are  often  charred  before  being  put  into  the  ground.  Grain 
has  been  found  in  the  excavations  at  IIcrculL-icum,  which 
was  chaiTcd  at  the  time  of  the  destruction  of  that  city,  eight- 
een Iiundred  years  ago,  and  yet  the  shape  is  perfectly  pre- 
served, so  that  you  can  distinguish  between  the  different 
kinds  of  grain.  While  charcoal  is  itself  so  unchangeable, 
it  preserves  other  substances  from  change.  Hence  meat  and 
vegetables  are  packed  in  charcoal  for  long  voyages,  and  the 
water  is  kept  in  casks  which  are  charred  on  the  inside. 
Tainted  meat  can  be  made  sweet  by  being  covered  with  it. 
Foul  and  stagnant  water  can  be  deprived  of  its  bad  taste  by 
being  filtered  through  it.  Charcoal  is  a  great  decolorizer. 
Ale  and  porter  filtered  througli  it  are  deprived  of  tiieir  color, 
and  sugar-refiners  decolorize  their  brown  syrups  by  means 
of  charcoal,  and  thus  make  white  sugar.  Animal  charcoal, 
or  bone-black,  is  the  best  for  such  purposes,  although  only 
one-tenth  of  it  is  really  charcoal,  the  other  nine-tenths  being 
the  mineral  portion  of  the  bone. 

Charcoal  will  absorb,  of  some  gases,  from  eighty  to  ninety 
times  its  own  bulk.  As  every  point  of  its  surface  is  a  point 
of  attraction,  it  is  supposed  to  account  for  the  enormous  ac- 
cumulation of  gases  in  the  spaces  of  the  charcoal.  But  this 
accounts  for  it  only  in  part.  There  must  be  some  peculiar 
power  in  the  charcoal  to  change,  in  some  way,  the  condition 
of  a  gas  of  which  it  absorbs  ninety  times  its  own  bulk. — 
Hooker.  

SUBSTITUTE  FOB  THE  CBANK. 

Various  devices  supposed  to  have  adv^an- 
tagcs  over  the  common  crank,  have  been  in- 
vented. Our  diagram  shows  one  of  these 
forms,  which  has  been  re-invented  many  times, 
by  different  inventoi*s.  A  grooved  wheel  is 
employed,  and  in  the  groove  are  two  slides,  at- 
tached respectively,  by  pivots,  to  the  connecting  rod  of  a 
piston  rod.  The  reciprocating  movement  of  the  piston  rod 
acting  upon  the  connecting  rod,  causes  the  rotation  of  the 
wheel. 


KNOTS. 


121 


The  knots  represented  on  the  preceding  page  of  en- 
gravings are  as  follows : 


1.  Simple  overhand  knot. 

2.  Slip-knot  seized. 

3.  Single  bow-knot. 

4.  Square  or  ruf-knot. 

5.  Square  bow-knot. 

6.  V/eaver's  knot. 

7.  German    or  figure-of-8 
knot. 

8.  Two  half-h)  tches,  or  ar- 
tificer's knot. 

9.  Double  artificer's  knot. 

10.  Simple  galley-knot. 

11.  Capstan  or  prolonged 
knot. 

12.  Bowline-knot. 

13.  Rolling-hitch. 

14.  Clove-hitch. 
Black  wall-hitch. 
Timber-hitch. 
Bowline  on  a  bight. 
Running  bowline. 

19.  Catspaw. 

20.  Doubled  running-knot. 
Double  knot. 
Six -fold  knot. 
Boat-knot. 
Lark's  head. 
Lark's  head. 
Simple  boat-knot. 

27.  Loop-knot. 

28.  Double  Flemish  knot. 

29.  Running-knot  checked 

30.  Crossed  running-knot. 
81.  Lashing-knot. 


15. 
16. 
17. 

18. 


21. 
22. 
23. 
24. 
25. 
26. 


32.  Rosette. 

33.  Chain-knot. 

34.  Double  chain-knot. 

35.  Double  running-knot, 
with  check-knot. 

36.  Double  twist-knot. 
Builders'  knot. 
Double  Flemish  knot. 
English  knot. 
Shortening-knot. 

41.  Shortening-knot. 

42.  Sheep-shank. 
Dog- shank. 
Mooring-knot. 
Mooring-knot. 
Mooring-knot. 
Pigtail  worked  on  the 

end  of  a  rope. 

48.  Shroud-knot. 

49.  A  bend  or  knot  used  by 
sailors  in  making  fast  to 
a  spar  or  a  bucket-han> 
die  before  casting  over- 
board ;  it  will  not  run. 
Also  used  by  horsemen 
for  a  loop  around  the  jaw 
of  a  colt  in  breaking  : 
the  running  end,  after 
passing  over  the  Head  of 
the  animal  and  throagh 
the  loop,  will  not  jam 
therein. 

50.  A  granny's  knot. 

51.  A  weaver's  knot. 


37. 
38. 
39. 
40. 


43. 
44. 
45. 
46. 
47. 


I 


The  principle  of  a  knot  is,  that  no  two  parts  which 
would  move  in  the  same  direction  if  the  rope  were  to 
slip,  should  lie  alongside  of  and  touching  each  other.  ; 


1«8 


MEASURES   OF  LENGTH. 


MsABUBts  OF  LxNOTH. — Th«  luljoined  engrftTlng  rHowb  at  the  left  »  foar-lnch 
lection  of  a  common  rule,  the  inch  divUioni  being  tubdivided  into  twenty-tifthi, 
twelfths,  eighth*,  and  tenths.  On  the  right  ii  the  French  measure,  indicating  milK- 
metrei  and  centimetres.  The  French  metre  is  intended  to  be  the  one  ten-niiiliouth 
pert  of  the  dlitanc*  from  •iihtt  pole  of  the  earth  to  the  equator. 


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TABLES   OF  WKIGHTS^^ 


123 


*f*)5 


TROY  WEIGHT.  ->  « 

S4gra^ns , 1  pennyweight,  dM?t.    . 

ao  pennyweighto , 1  ounce  =  ^  graioH. ,; 

12  ounces 1  pound  =  6760  graine. 

Troy  weight  is  used  for  gold  ana  silver. 

i     se,  APOTHECARIES'  WEIGHT.  j    j; ' 

SOgrafhs  '.'. 1  sample.  '    ' 

3  scruples 1  dram   =     eOgrains. 

8  drams 1  ounce  =   480  grains. 

12  ounces .1  pound  =  5760  groins. 

The  ounce  in  the  afcove  measures,  it  will  bo  noticed,  Is  heavier, 
contains  more  grains  than  the  common  commercial  or  avoirdu- 
pois weight,  but  the  avoirdupois  pound  is  the  heaviest.,: 

AVOIRDUPOIS  OR  ORDINARY  COMMERCIAL  WEIGHT. 

27.84 -f  grains..... 4 1  dram. 

16  drams. 1  ounce  ss   437^  grains. 

16  ounces. 1  pound  =  7000   grains. 

28  pounds 1  quarter. 

4quarters ,....1  hundredweight  =?=  112  lbs. 

20  hundlredweight 1  ton  =  2240 lbs.  ^U^. 

The  $tandard  of  the  avoirdnpois  pound  is  the  weight  Sf7.7015  cu- 
bic inches  of  distilled  water  at  30®.85  F.,  barometer  30  inches,^    ;  ^ 

A  trdy  oz.  =  1 .09714  avoir,  oz. 

An  avoir,  oz.  =  ,911458  troy  oz. 

A  ytc^he  =  14  lbs.    A  quintal  =  100  lbs. 


•}>: 


t>n 


FRENCH  WEIGHTS 


(( 


10  milligrammes  make 
10  centigrammes  ." 
10  decigrammes    s.*i  k 

10  grammes 
ilO  decagrammes 
10  hectogrammes 
10  kilogrammes 
jlO  myriogrammes 
110  quintala 


(UNITED  STATES  STANDARD). 

Oraina  avoir. 

1  milligramme 
1  centigramme 
1  decigramme 

1  OBAMME 


1  decagramme    r=: 
1  hectogramme  = 

1  KILOGRAMME     = 

1  myriogramme  = 

1  quintal  =    

?  'J  110  quintala  •♦      1  tonne  =    2204.737.  ' 

,  iThe  kramme  Js  the  basis  of  the  French  weights,  and  consists  of 
actibicrcefatiiraetre  of  distilled  water. 


(( 


.0154331S. 
.1543316. 
1.543316. 
15.43316. 

Pound*  KToir. 

.02204737. 
.2204737. 
2.204737. 
22.04737. 
220.4737. 
2204.737. 


1 


SQ0ARE   OR  LAND   MEA- 
^UHE,   UNITED  STATES. 

""144  ieq.  inches  =  1  sq.  foot. 

9  Bq.  feet      =  1  sq.  yard. 
SOJ  B^.  yards    =  1  sq.  red, 
40   sq.  rods     =  1  sq.  rood. 

4  sq.  roods   =  1  sq.  acre. 


DRY  MEASURE,  UNITED 

STATES. 

1 

2  pints     =  1  quart.  < 
4  quarts   =  1  gallon. 

3  gallons  =  1  pecic.         :  1 

4  pecks  =  1  Dnahel.  j.^  f 


124 


TABLES    OP   MEASURES. 


CUBIC  OR  SOLID  MEASURE 

1728  cubic  ins.  =1  cubic  foot. 
S7  cubic  feet  =  1  cubic  yard. 

LIQUID  MEASURE,  UNITED 
STATES. 


4gm8 

2  pints 
4  quarts 
63  gallons 


=  1  pint. 
=  1  quart. 
=  1  gallon. 
=  1  nogshead. 


2  hogsheads  =  1  pipe  or  butt. 
2  pipes  =  1  tun. 


1  barrel 
1  gallon 
1  bushel 
1  barrel  flour 


8U  gallons. 
231  cubic  inches. 
1.24445  cub.  ft. 
196  lbs.  =  3  bush. 


A  cylinder  seven  inches  diame- 
ter and  six  inches  high  containB 
a  gallon. 


FRENCH  SQUARE  MEASURE,  U.  S. 


1  square  millimetre  = 

1  square  centimetre  = 

1  square  decimetre  = 

1  square  metre  = 

1  square  decametre  = 

1  square  decare  = 

1  square  hectare  = 

1  square  kilometre  = 

t  square  myriametre  = 


Square  inchei. 

.001549. 
.154988. 
15.4»88. 

8qoar«  feet. 

10.763058. 
1076.3058. 
10763.058. 

U.  S.  acre*. 

2.47086. 
247.086. 
24708.6. 


'V: 


FRENCH  CUBIC  OR  SOLID  MEASURE,  U.  S. 

Cubic  inrhea. 

=  .0610165. 

=  .610165. 
=  6.10165. 
=  61.0165. 
=    610.165. 


Millitre  or  cubic  centimetre. . . 
/  ^  -5 10  millitrcs     make  1  centilitre 


ii-t.alO  centilitres 
10  decilitres 


10  litres 


1  decilitre 
1  litre 
1  decalitre 


ft»vrtlO  decalitres 
10  hectolitres 
10  kilolitres 


1  hectolitre  = 

1  kilolitre  or  cubic  metre  = 
1  myrlolitre  = 


Cubie  feet. 

3.63105. 
35.3105. 
353.105. 


MEASURING  LAND  BY  WEIGHT.       v^ 

The  area  of  any  piece  of  land,  no  matter  how  UrtP^lif  the 
boundary  lines,  may  be  accurately  ascertained  by  means  of  a  deli- 
cate balance  as  follows.  Make  a  drawing  of  the  plot  of  ground  on 
pasteboard,  to  a  given  scale,  say  four  square  roods  to  one  inch. 
Cut  from  some  part  of  the  sheet  of  pasteboard  a  piece  exactly  one 
inch  square,  which  represents  one  acre  or  four  square  roods.  Also 
cut  out  the  plot  as  drawn.  Weigh  the  square  and  the  plot.  The 
number  of  times  the  weight  of  the  square  is  contained  in  the 
weight  of  the  plot  indicates  the  area  of  the  land.  For  example,  if 
the  square  which  represents  one  acre  weighs  twenty  grains,  and 
the  plot  weighs  two  hundred  and  forty  grams,  then  the  plot  con- 
tains twelve  acres. 


MOLECULES. 


125 


MOIiECXJLBS. 

A  MOLECULE  18  the  smallest  mass  into  whicU  any 
substance  can  be  subdivided  without  changing  its 
chemical  nature. 

All  substances  are  aggregations  of  isolated  molecules. 

A  piece  of  gold  having  six  plane  surfaces,  each  one 
inch  square,  is  called  a  cubic  inch  of  gold,  and  looks 
as  if  it  solidly  filled  that  space.  But  it  is  not  solid,  for 
it  is  composed  of  individual  molecules,  which  are  sepa- 
rated by  comparatively  wide  intervale. 

Molecules  are,  to  use  the  language  of  Sir  William 
Thompson,  **  pieces  of  matter  of  measurable  dimensions, 
with  shape,  motion,  and  laws  of  action.  '*  A  molecule 
of  glass,  as  measured  by  this  philosopher,  is  one  five 
hundred  millionth  part  of  an  inch  in  diameter. 

Equal  volumes  of  all  substances,  when  in  a  state  of 
gas,  and  under  like  conditions,  contain  the  same  num- 
ber of  molecules. 

The  number  of  molecules  in  a  cubic  inch  of  any  per- 
fect gas,  at  32^*  F.  and  30  ins.  barometer  pressure,  is 
one  hundred  thousand  millions  of  millions  of  millions, 
or  10". 

The  molecules  of  bodies  are  never  at  rest,  but  have 
a  constant  motion.  The  molecules  of  a  gas  confined 
in  a  vessel  have  great  energy,  are  always  flying  about 
with  a  high  velocity,  but  in  straight  lines.  They 
strike  against  each  other  and  rebound,  they  drive 
against  the  inner  walls  of  the  vessel,  and  the  force  of 
this  impact  of  the  molecules  of  the  gas  against  the 
walls  we  call  the  pressure  of  a  gas. 

At  a  barometer  pressure  of  30  inches,  or  15  lbs.  to  the 
square  inch,  temperature  33®  F.,  the  molecules  of  hy- 
drogen have  a  velocity  of  6097  feet  per  second,  or  over 
4000  miles  per  hour.  The  energy  of  a  pound  of  hydro- 
gen, under  the  above  conditions,  is  equal  to  that  of  a 
cannon-ball  of  the  same  weight  having  the  same  velo- 
city. 

A  cubic  inch  of  water  may  by  heat  be  expanded  into 
gaseous  form,  or  steam,  occupying  the  space  of  a  cu- 
bic foot.     In  both  forms  the  same  number  of  molecules 


126 


HOW   TO   INVENT. 


of  water  are  found  ;  but  in  the  gaseous  condition,  the 
molecules  are  much  more  widely  separated  than  in  the 
liquid  ;  so  widely,  in  fact,  that  a  cubic  foot  of  alcohol 
vapor  together  with  a  cubic  foot  of  ether  vapor  may 
be  introduced  into  the  vessel — or,  apparently,  just 
as  much  of  the  alcohol,  and  just  as  much  of  the  ether, 
as  if  there  were  no  water  vapor  present.  All  these  va- 
pors remain  separate  ;  they  do  not  chemically  unite. 


nOVT  TO  INVENT. 

In  order  to  succeed,  a  new  invention  must  be  supe 
rior  to  any  thin^  that  has  preceded  it,  and  must  be 
eold  at  a  price  that  will  enable  it  to  be  brought  into 
general  use. 

People  can  not  afford  to  throw  away  old  implements 
unless  the  new  ones  are  sufficiently  superior  to  make 
up  for  the  loss.  Let  inventors  produce  a  good  article, 
at  a  moderate  price,  and  they  will  be  sure  of  success. 

The  readiest  way  to  invent  is  to  keep  thinking  ;  and 
to  thought  add  practical  experiments.  Book  know- 
ledge is  not  essential.  Examine  things  about  you,  note 
how  they  are  made,  and  study  how  to  improve  them. 
Keep  your  eyes  and  ears  open,  ask  questions,  be  a  con- 
tinual seeker  after  useful  information.  Those  who  do 
this,  soon  acquire  a  knowledge  of  the  sciences,  and  in- 
sensibly become  educated.  Among  the  beneficent  in- 
fluences of  the  Patent  laws  is  the  fact  that  they  incite 
the  humblest  individuals  to  study. 

To  avoid  waste  of  time  in  reproducing  old  devices, 
the  inventor  should  be  well  posted  in  regard  to  inven- 
tions that  have  already  been  made.  He  should  also  be 
informed  as  to  the  particular  classes  of  devices  in  which 
improvements  are  most  urgently  demanded.  For  this 
purpose,  an  attentive  ptudy  of  The  Scientific 
American  will  be  almost  indispensable.  This  splendid 
newspaper  is  published  weekly,  and  furnishes  the 
latest  information  concerning  the  progress  of  new  dis- 
covery, with  elegant  engravings.  $3.20  a  year. 
MuNN  &  Co.,  37  Park  Row,  publishers.  Send  10  cents 
for  a  specimen  copy. 


HISTORY    OP    THE    STEAM-ENGINE. 


127 


HISTOBY  OF  THE  STEAM-ENQINE. 

Papin,  of  France,  was  the  first  (in  1690)  to  operate  a 
piston  by  steam,  which  acted  only  on  one  side  of  tlie 
piston.  He  also  invented  the  safety  valve.  He  was 
bom  1650,  died  1710.  Savery,  1697,  first  employed 
steam-power  in  doing  useful  work.  His  piston,  like 
Papin's,  took  steam  on  one  side  only,  the  pressure  of 
the  atmosphere  being  admitted  to  the  other  side. 
James  Watt  was  the  first  to  make  the  complete  steam- 
engine,  or  the  existing  forms  in  which  steam  acts  on 
both  sides  of  the  piston.  He  also  made  the  steam-con- 
denser, the  governor,  the  walking-beam,  applied  the 
fly-wheel,  and  nearly  all  the  parts  of  the  modern  en- 
gine. He  was  born  1736,  died  1819.  He  made  a  rotary 
steam  engine  in  1782,  and  patented  a  locomotive  engine 
in  1784.  In  1804,  Trevithick  and  Vivian  operated  a 
locomotive  which  traveled  five  miles  an  hour,  with  a 
load  of  ten  tons.  Cook,  in  1808,  used  fixed  engines 
and  ropes  to  draw  railway-cars.  Blachett  and  Hedley, 
in  1813,  discovered  that  smooth  locomotive  wheels 
might  be  used  on  railways,  instead  of  toothed 
wheels  and  toothed  rails  before  required.  George  Ste- 
venson, 1825,  made  railway  locomotion  successful  by 
adapting  the  locomotive  to  variable  speeds  and  loads, 
by  means  of  his  blast-pipe,  and  by  introducing  the 
tubular  boiler,  which  latter  was  suggested  to  him  and 
invented  by  Booth,  1829.  October  6th,  1829,  the  fa- 
mous competitive  trial  of  locomotives  on  tne  Liverpool 
and  Manchester  railway  took  place,  which  established 
the  superiority  of  Stevenson's  locomotives,  and  inau- 
gurated the  art  of  railway  communication. 

The  first  steamboat  actually  employed  in  business 
was  a  small  vessel  built  by  John  Fitch  of  Pennsylvania, 
1790,  worked  on  the  Delaware  ;  speed,  7^  miles  per 
hour.  Robert  Fulton's  steamboat,  the  Clermont,  made 
her  first  trip  from  New- York  to  Albany,  August,  1807  ; 
speed,  five  miles  per  hour.  The  first  steam-vessel  to 
cross  the  Atlantic  was  the  Savannah,  in  1819,  from  Sa 
vannah  to  Liverpool,  26  days.  In  1838  the  Sirius 
arrived  at  New- York,  17  days  from  London  ;  and  the 
Great  Western,  15  days  from  Bristol. 


128        HEAT. — ITS  MECHANICAL   EQUIVALENT. 


HEAT.-ITS   MEOHANTOAL  EQUIVALENT. 

Heat  is  a  peculiar  motion  of  the  particles  of  matter 
which  prevents  their  contact.  Heat  and  mechanical 
power  are  convertible  forces.  The  force  of  the  heat 
that  raises  one  pound  of  water  1°  F.  will  lift  a 
weight  of  773  lbs.  one  foot  high.  The  power  of  a 
weight  of  772  lbs.  descending  one  foot,  if  applied  to  a 
small  paddle  wheel  turning  in  one  pound  of  water, 
will,  by  friction,  raise  the  temperature  of  the  water 
r  F. 

A  heat-unit  is  the  amount  of  heat  that  raises  a  pound 
of  water  1°  F.,  or  that  lifts  a  weight  of  772  lbs.  one 
foot  high. 

The  mechanical  equivalent  of  a  heat-unit  is  the  x)ower 
of  a  weight  of  772  lbs.  descending  one  foot,  or  of  a 
one-pound  weight  descending  772  feet.    Hence, 

772  foot-pounds  =      1  heat-unit, 
1  heat-unit      =  772  foot-pounds. 

A  galvanic  battery  that  produces  an  electrial  current 
c&pable  of  heating  one  pound  of  water  1°  F.,  will  yield 
magnetic  force  sufficient  to  raise  a  weight  of  772  lbs. 
one  foot  high. 

Thus  heat,  electricity,  magnetism,  and  chemical 
force  are  brought  into  numerical  correlation  with 
mechanical  power. 

The  illustrious  philosopher.  Dr.  J.  P.  Joule,  of  Man- 
chester, England,  first  promulgated  the  mechanical 
equivalent  of  heat,  a.d.  1845. 


COPYING-INK. 

Take  two  gallons  of  rain-water,  and  put  into  it  J 
pound  of  gum  arable,  ^  pound  brown  sugar,  ^  pound 
clean  copperas,  f  pound  powdered  nut-gaHs.  Mix  and 
shake  occasionally  for  ten  days,  and  strain.  If  need- 
ed sooner,  let  it  steep  in  an  iron  kettle  until  the 
strength  is  obtained. 


VELOCITY  AND  FORCE  OF   THE  WIND.       129 


VBLOOITY  AND   POBOB   OP  THE  WIND. 


Pressurs  on 

Miles  per 

Febt  per 

A  Square 

Description  op  the 

Hour. 

1  ■■ 

Minute. 

Foot  in 
Pounds. 

Wind. 

1 

88 

.005 

Barely  observable. 

2 
3 

176 

264 

.02 

.045 

■  Just.perceptible. 

4 

352 

.08 

Light  breeze. 

5 

440 

.125 

' 

6 

528 

.18 

Qentle,  pleasant  wind. 

8 

704 

.S2 

10 

880 

.5 

Fresh  breeze. 

15 

1320 

1.125 

Brisk  blow. 

20 

1760 

2. 

Stiflf  breeze. 

25 

2200 

8.125 

Very  brisk. 

30 
35 

2640 

saso 

4.5 
6.125 

[•High  wind. 

40 

3520 

8. 

Very  high  wind. 

45 

3960 

10.125 

Gale. 

50 

4400 

12.5 

Storm. 

(iO 

5380 

18. 

Great  Bto;m. 

80 

7040 

S2. 

Hurricane. 

100 

8800 

50. 

Tornado. 

GITNPO"WDER. 

The  heat  developed  at  the  moment  of  explosion  is 
4664°  Falir.,  and  the  resulting  gas  pressure,  if  the 
powder  closely  fills  the  chamber,  is  40  tons  or  80,000 
lbs.  to  the  square  inch. 

Careful  experiment  by  De  Saint  Robert  with  rifled 
cannon  of  3^  inches  bore,  8^  lbs.  shell,  1^  lbs.  powder, 
gives  1300  ft.  velocity  per  second,  or  a  little  over  900 
miles  per  hour,  for  the  sliell  when  it  leaves  the  moutli 
of  the  cannon,  which  is  equal  to  a  force  of  219,000  foot- 
pounds, or  a  little  less  than  seven  horsepower.  But 
the  heat  actually  developed  by  the  above  amount  of 
powder  corresponds  to  almost  thirty-two  horse-power 
of  work  ;  seventy-nine  per  cent  of  the  power  of  the 
powder  is  therefore  lost. 


180 


SPECIFIC   GRAVITY. 


BrxciFic  Oravitv   and  Wkioht  or  tarious 
IpuasTANcm.    Watkr  =  1. 


Brick,  Common.,  j 


Acetic  ftcld 

Alcohol 

Aluminium,  ibeet 

Antimony,  cait 

Ath, dry 

"     green 

Aipbalt 

Bs<ialt 

Beech,  dry 

Bell-mcUf 

Birch 

Biimuth,  CMt 

Box 

Brait,  cast. 

"      iheet 

from 

to 

Cedar,  American 

*'      Lebanon 

"      We»t-Indiau 

"      Indian 

Comont,  Portland 

''         Roman 

Chalk 

Chentnut 

Clay 

Coal,  anthracite 

"     bituminous 

Coke 

Concrete,  ordinary 

**         in  cement 

Cork 

Copper,  cast 

"       sheet 

Deal,  Norway 

(  from 

\       to 

Ebony 

Elm 

"    Canadian 

Ether 

Fir,  spruce 

Firestone 

Glass,  flint 

.  i  *♦;    crown 

.**     common  green,.. 

"     plate 

Gold 

Granite 

Gun  metdl  [10  cop.,1  tin] 

Gutta-percha 

Gypsum.., 

Hornbeam 

Hydrochloric  acid 

Iron,  cast,  average 

"     wrought,  average.. 
Ironwood... 
India-rubber 


Earth. 


Vi  & 

1.06 
.799 
2.67 
6.73 
.69 
.76 
3.S 
9.96 
.69 
8.06 
.69 
9.833 
1.98 
8.4 
8.44 
1.6 
3. 

.664 
.486 
.746 
1.316 
1.4 
1.6 
3.33 
.606 
1.9 
1.63 
1.27 
.744 
1.9 
2.2 

.240 
8.607 
8.78 
.689 
1.62 
9.00 
1.187 
.679 
.736 
.716 
.612 
1.8 
3.078 
9.69 
9.63 
3.76 
19.36 
3.65 
8.661 
.966 
3.986 
.76 
1.9 
7.93 
7.78 
1.16 
.93 


66. 

49. 
166.6 
419.6 

43. 

47. 
156. 
184. 

43. 
603.69 

48. 
618.1 

80. 

624.87 
626.86 
100. 
196. 

86. 

30. 

48. 

83.16 

87. 
100. 
146. 

38. 
119. 

96. 

79. 

46. 
119. 
137. 

15. 
637.3 
648.1 

43. 

77. 
196. 

74. 

86. 

45. 

45. 

32. 
112. 
192. 
157. 
168. 
172. 
908.5 
166.76 
634.49 

60. 
143. 

47. 

75. 
451. 
486.6 

71. 

68. 


.038 

.028 

.096 

.249 

.025 

.097 

.09 

.106 

.026 

.29 

.025 

.363 

.046 

.3 

.301 

.09 

.067 

.020 

.017 

.026 

!05 

.057 

.084 

.099 

.068 

.06.1 

.045 

.026 

.068 

.079 

.008 

.31 

.316 

.025 

.054 

.072 

.043 

.021 

.026 

.036 

.018 

.065 

.111 

.091 

.091 

.099 

.697 

.096 

.808 

.036 

.083 

.027 

.043 

.96 

.28 

.041 

.033 


Thk  speciflo  gravity  of  any  liquid 
or  solid  body  Is  Its  weight  as  com- 
pared with  an  equal  volume  of 
pure  water  at  60o  K.     Water  =  1. 

Tm  speciflo  gravity  of  a  gas  Is 
its  weight  as  compared  with  an 
equal  volume  of  pure  air  at  60o  F. 
Air  =  1. 

Spicific  Gbavity  or  Gasb*. 

Air  =  1. 

Hydrogen 0.0699 

Steam 0.4883 

Marsh  gas 0.6696 

Carbonic  oxide 0.967 

Nitrogen 0.9713 

Oxygen 1.1057 

Carbonic  acid 1.699 

Sulphurous  acid. . . .  9.26 
Chlorine 9.47 

Specific  Hiat. 

If  1  lb.  of  water,  1  lb.  of  mercu- 
ry, 1  lb.  of  silver,  1  lb.  of  Iron  be 
exposed  to  a  heat  sufficient  to  raise 
the  water  lo  F.,  the  temperature 
of  the  mercury  will  be  found  to  be 
80O,  the  silver  17.6o  the  iron  8.8o. 
The  specific  heat  of  diflierent  sab- 
•tances  is  found  by  comparing  their 
temperature  with  water  as  above. 
Thus,  the  specific  heat  of  water  li 
1  ;  the  specific  heat  of  mercury  is 

-Jk^,  or  one-thirtieth  that  of  wa- 
ter; silver,  Y^.~S'  *"*"'  "g^* 

Friction. 

A  BAO  of  wheat  weighing  200  lbs. 
is  dragged  on  the  floor  by  means  of 
a  spring-balance,  the  pointer  of 
which  Indicates  40  lbs.  as  the  force 
required  to  move  the  bag.  Make 
that  force,  40,  the  numerator  of  a 
fraction,  and  the  moved  weight, 

200,  the  denominator.   Then  •a^/r 

or  -L  of  the  weight  is  the  eo-eficieiU 

of  friction,  or  the  force  required 

to  overcome  tlie  friction.   X  of  200 

lbs.  is  40  lbs.,  which  is  the  force  in- 
dicated in  this  example  to  over- 
come the  friction  of  the  batr.  If  the 
load  or  weight  were  400  Ibk.,  und 

the  co-eflicient  of  friction  4-,  then 

it  would  take  X  of  400  lbs.,  or  100 
lbs.  force,  to  move  the  load. 


ePBCIPIO   GRAVITY. 


181 


SPBCirio  (Uravity  and  Wbmiit   or  vabious 

8UB«TANCBa.      Watbr  S  1. 


I vory 

Lnrch , 

Lead,  ciut ...,. 

♦'      theet , 

Lif^niim  vits 

Liint-wood 

Lime,  quick 

LImeitone , 

Loff  wood , 

Mknogany,  Honduriu., 
'*  NaMAu...., 

«  Spanlih.... 

Maple 

Marble 

Mercury 

Mortar,  average 

Muriatic  acid 

Nitric  acid 

Oak,  African 

"      American,  rad. . . 

♦'  "      white,  dry 

"      Canadian..   

"      English,  white,  dry 

"  '*  "   green 

"      live,  seasoned 

"       "     green 

Oil,  linseed. 

"     olive 

"     whale 

Oolite,  Portland  stone.. 

♦*        Bath  stone 

Pine,  red  J  dry 

"      white,  dry 

"      yellow,  dry 

««      pitch 

Pitch 

Platinum,  average 

Plumbago 

Salt 

Sand,  quartz 

"      river 

«*      fine 

"      coarM..,.,. 

Sandstone  ....i.. 

Satinwood ..,,...., 

Silver  ...::i'i:;.: 

Slate ....;... 

Sulphur 

Sulphuric  acid 

Tallow 

Tar 

Teakwood 

Tile,  average 

Tin,  cast 

Water,  distilled,  39o.... 

"      sea 

White  meUl  (Babbitt). .. 
Zinc,  cut 


II' 
(O  Ed 


1.89 
.643 
11.86 
11.4 
1.833 
.664 
.843 
8.180 
.913 
.660 
.668 
.859 
.675 
9.72 
18.596 
1.7 
1.9 
1.217 
.988 
.86 
.779 
.872 
.777 
.934 
1.068 
1.260 
.94 
.915 
.923 
2.423 
1.978 
.690 
.654 
.461 
.660 
1.15 
21.531 
2.267 
2.13 
9.75 
1.88 
1.52 
L61 

.96 

10.474 

S.88 

1.84 
.94 
1.01 
.806 
1.83 
7.29 
1.000 
1.027 
7.31 
7. 


114. 

34. 

708.6 

711.6 

8S. 

68. 
198.75 

67.06 

35. 

49. 

63. 

42. 
170. 
848.76 
106. 

75. 

75. 

69. 

63. 

49. 

64.5 

48. 

68. 

66.76 

78.75 

53. 

67. 

58. 
151. 
1S3. 

37. 

84.62 

28.81 

41.25 

69. 
1843.9 
140. 
133. 
171. 
117. 

95. 
100. 

60. 
653.8 
180. 

116. 

69. 

63. 

60. 
113.50 

45.51 

69.426 

64. 
456.89 
437. 


.065 

.019 

.408 

.41 

.048 

.09 

.03 


.09 

.024 

.031 

.026 

.098 

.489 

.061 

.044 
.035 
.03 
.028 

.028 
.034 


.034 
.033 
.033 
.087 
.072 
.029 


.041 

.776 
.089 

.099 
.067 
.054 
.068 

.0.34 
.877 
.104 

066 
.034 
.036 
.028 
.065 
.269 
.036 
.037 
.263 
.252 


I 


ihit    average 
1-1!   1-2   lbs.; 


Iron  bars,  one  Inrh  square,  roll- 
ed, weigh  8..'M  lbs.  iM>r  foot ;  round 
bars,  ont  inch  diameter,  2.65  lbs. 
per  foot. 

From  800  to  324  cubic  feet  of  dry 
clover,  or  916  to  243  cubic  feet  of 
dry  hay,  weigh  a  ton.  S70  cubic 
feet  of  new  hay  in  a  ton. 

In    this    countr 
weight    of    men 
women,  1^4  1-9  lbs. 

The  weight  of  horses  In  this 
country  is  troui  bUO  to  lUUO  lbs. 

The  standard  weight  of  a  bushel 
of  wheat  ia  60  lbs. ;  coin  and  rye, 
66  lbs.;  oats,  39  lbs. ;  barley,  48 lbs. 

Potatoes,  in  weight  100  lbs.,  are 
made  up  oi  75.9  lbs.  water ;  silbu- 
men,  2.3  lbs. ;  oily  matter,  0.9 
lbs. ;  woody  fibre,  0.4  lbs. ;  starch, 
S0.9  lbs. ;  minerals,  1  lb. 

A  kind  of  tracing  paper,  which 
is  transparent  only  temporarily. 
Is  made  by  dissolving  castor-oil  in 
absolute  alcohol  and  applying  the 
liquid  to  the  paper  with  a  sponge. 
The  alcohol  speedily  evaporates, 
leaving  the  paper  dry.  After  the 
tracing  it  made,  the  paper  is  Im- 
mersed In  absolute  alcohol,  which 
removes  the  oil,  restoring  the  sheet 
to  Its  original  opacity. 

The  diameter  of  a  barrel  at  the 
heads  is  17  inches  ;  bung,  19  Inches ; 
length,  23  inches  ;  volume,  7689 
cubic  inches. 

Incudation.— The  temperature 
of  hatching  eggs  is  104o  F.  Pe- 
riods :  swan,  42  days  ;  parrot,  40  ; 
goose  and  pheasant,  35 ;  duck, 
turkey,  peafowl,  28;  hens,  21; 
pigeons,  14  ;  canury  birds,  14. 

Pbriods  or  Gbstation.— Gui. 
nea-pig,  3  weeks  ;  sow,  16  weeks  ; 
cat,  8  weeks  ;  dog,  9  weeks  ;  lion,  5 
months ;  sheep,  5  mouths ;  cow,  9 
months ;  horse  and  ass,  1 1  months ; 
buffalo  and  camel,  19  months ;  el«- 
pliant,  23  months. 


m 


132 


SMALL   STEAMBOATS. 


SMALL  STEAMBOATS. 

The  following  is  an  example  of  the  practical  y^&y 
in  which  special  questions  put  by  subscribers  to  the 
/Scientific  American  are  answered  by  the  editors  : 

"  H.  C.  E.  says  :  1.  I  have  a  boat,  21  feet  long  by  7 
feet  6  inches  beam,  drawing  12  or  15  inches  of  water. 
I  built  an  engine  3x5  inches,  with  a  link  motion.  Is 
the  engine  large  enough  for  the  boat  ?  A.  Yes.  2. 
I  have  a  ^-inch  feed-pipe  and  f-inch  exhaust.  Is  the 
exhaust  too  small  for  the  engine  ?  A.  It  will  answer 
very  well.  3.  What  size  of  propeller  should  I  use? 
A.  Of  18  or  20  inches  diameter,  2i  feet  pitch.  4.  What 
size  of  boiler  is  required  ?  A.  About  2^  feet  diameter, 
4  feet  high.  5.  What  is  meant  by  the  pitch  of  a  pro- 
peller ?  A.  It  is  the  distance  it  would  move  the  boat, 
at  each  revolution,  if  it  worked  in  an  unyielding  me- 
dium, like  a  screw  in  a  nut." 

The  foregoing  is  an  epitome  of  dimensions  suflBcient 
to  enable  any  intelligent  machinist  to  build  i.  *ast  and 
serviceable  steamer.  Hundreds  of  these  little  vessels 
are  now  in  use  throupfhout  the  country,  upon  the 
smaller  lakes  and  shallow  streams.  Their  use  has 
become  greatly  extended  by  the  publication  of  prac- 
tical details  of  construction  and  management  in  the 
Scientific  American. 

Queries  relating  to  steam  engineering  are  answered 
in  the  Scientific  American  by  an  experienced  engineer; 
those  pertaining  to  electricity,  by  a  practical  electri- 
cian ;  chemical  inquiries,  by  a  superior  chemist ;  me- 
chanical questions,  by  a  talented  machinist  ;  astrono- 
mical inquiries,  by  an  astronomer  ;  and  so  on,  for  nearly 
all  of  the  departments  of  science.  The  amount  of 
valuable  information  thus  made  public  through,  the 
columns  of  the  Scientific  American  is  very  large.  It 
is,  on  this  account,  the  most  positively  valuable  week- 
ly newspaper  ever  published,. 


Copper,  if  suddenly  cooled,  becomes  soft  and  mal- 
leable ;  if  slowly  cooled  it  hardens  and  becomes  brittle. 


Ti 


PRACTICAL   GEOMETRY. 


183 


PBACTIOAL    GEOMETRY. 

A  KNOWLEDGE  of  geometry,  both  practical  and  theoretical, 
is  of  importance  to  mechanics  and  inventors.  It  is  pro- 
motive of  truth  and  patience  in  mental  habits,  and  leads  to 
the  exercise  of  nicety  and  exactness  in  the  execution  of 
mechanical  labors.  With  a  pair  of  dividers,  a  rule  and 
pencil,  any  person  may  speedily  acquire  a  considerable 
knowledge  of  practical  geometry.  We  subjoin  a  few  sim- 
ple and  ^t^aereWy  useful  problems  for  practice,  in  the  hope 
of  thus  interesting  some  of  our  readeis  in  the  subject,  so 
that  they  will  continue  the  study.  Complete  works  on  geo- 
metry can  be  had  at  the  book-stores. 


9" 


B 


^ 


Problem  1. — To  divide  a  line  into 
equal  parts. — To  draw  a  line  perpen- 
dicular to  another :  With  a  pair  of  di- 
viders from  the  extremities  of  the  line 
A  B  as  centres,  with  any  distance  ex- 
ceeding the  point  where  the  line  is  to 
be  intersected,  describe  arcs  cutting 
each  other  sls  mn  ;  then  a  line  drawn 
through  m  n  will  divide  the  line  A  B 
equally,  and  will  also  be  perpendicular 
thereto. 


Problem  2. — To  find  the  side  of  a 
square  that  shall  be  any  number  of 
times  the  area  of  a  given  square : 
Let  A  B  C  D  be  the  given  square; 
then  vill  the  diagonal  B  D  be  the  side 
of  a  square  A  E  F  G,  double  in  area 
to  the  given  square  A  B  0  D  ;  the  di- 
agonal B  D  is  equal  to  the  line  A  G ; 
if  the  diagonal  be  drawn  from  B  to  G,  it  will  be  the  side  of 
a  square  A  H  K  L,  three  times  the  area  of  the  square  A  B 
C  D ;  the  diagonal  B  L  will  equal  the  size  of  a  square  four 
times  the  area  of  the  square  A  B  C  D,  etc. 


\ 


134 


PRACTICAL   GBOMETRT. 


Problem  8. — ^To  find  the  diameter 
of  a  circle  that  shall  be  any  number 
of  times  the  area  of  a  given  circle : 
Let  A  B  0  D  be  the  given  circle; 
draw  the  two  diarpeters  A  B  and  C  D 
at  right  angles  to  ♦  ach  other,  and  the 
cord  A  D  will  be  the  radius  of  the 
circle  o  P,  twice  the  area  of  the  given 
circle  nearly ;  and  half  the  cord  will 
be  the  radius  of  a  circle  that  will  contain  half  the  area,  etc. 

Problem  4. — To  describe 
an  ellipsis,  the  transverse 
and  conjugate  diameters  be- 
ing given :  From  o,  as  a 
centre,  with  the  difference 
of  the  transverse  and  con- 
jugate seinidiameters,  set, 
off  o  c  and  o  d  ;  draw  the 
diagonal  c  c?,  and  continue 
the  line  o  c  to  A;,  by  the  addition  of  half  the  diagonal  c  c?, 
then  will  the  distance  o  A:  be  the  radius  of  the  centres  that 
will  describe  the  ellipsis ;  draw  the  lines  A  B,  C  D,  C  E, 
and  B  H,  cutting  the  semi-diameters  of  the  ellipsis  in  the 
centres  k  B  m  n;  then  with  the  radius  m  s,  and  with  k, 
and  m  as  centres,  describe  the  arcs  D  II  and  A  E ;  also, 
with  the  radius  n  r,  and  Avith  n  and  B  as  centres,  describe 
the  arcs  E  H  and  A  H,  and  the  figure  A  E  D  H  will  be  the 
ellipsis  required. 


Thb  "  Scientific  American." — "  It  is  hardly  necessary 
for  U9  to  speak  of  its  merits  to  those  who  are  thoroughly 
posted  up  in  the  improvements  of  the  age ;  but  the  general 
reading  public  may  not  be  so  well  aware  that  i*^  contains  the 
finest  engravings  of  all  the  late  inventions — the  .new  moni- 
tors, army  and  navy  weapons,  vessels,  forts,  machinery  of 
ttU  kinds,  military  and  civil,  mechanical  and  agricultural — 
with  essays  from  the  most  distinguished  scholars. 


THE   CONDENSING   ENGINE. 


135 


THE     STEAM-ENGINE. 

Evert  mechanic  and  inventor  should  make  himself  gen- 
erally familiar  with  the  construction  and  operation  of  the 
steam-engine.  To  assist  them  in  gaining  this  knowledge. 
we  subjoin  for  reference  a  diagram  of  the  common  Con- 
densing Engine,  with  letters  of  reference  to  the  names  of 
the  various  parts : 


a,  steam  cylinder ;  6,  piston ;  <?,  upper  steam  port  or  pas- 
sage ;  rf,  lower  steam  port ;  e  c,  parallel  motion  ;  //,  beam ; 
g^  connecting  rod ;  A,  crank ;  i  «,  fly-wheel ;  h  ky  eccentric 
and  its  rod  ibr  working  the  steam-valve ;  /,  steam-valve  and 
casing ;  m,  throttle-valve ;  n,  condenser ;  o,  injection-cock  ; 
p,  air-pump  ;  q^  hot  well ;  r,  shifting-valve  to  create  vacuum 
in  condenser  previous  to  starting  the  engine ;  «,  feed-pump 
to  supply  boilers  ;  ty  cold-water  pump  to  upply  condenser  ; 
w,  governor.  A  study  of  the  above  diagram  and  descrip- 
tion, in  connection  with  attentive  observation  of  engines  in 
motion,  will  be  of  much  assistance  in  acquiring  a  general 

We  recommend  the  folio w- 


understanding  of  the  machine. 


J 


136 


HINTS  TO   LETTER- WRITEES. 


\ 


ing  standard  works  for  careful  study  by  all  who  desire  to 
become  thoroughly  posted  :  Bourne's  Catechism  of  the 
Steam-Engine,  Main  &  Brown's  Marine  Steam-Engine. 

[From  The  Scientific  American.] 

A    HIKT    TO    LETTER-WRITING    BORES. 

E  consider,  as  a  general  thing,  that  our 
correspondents  are  a  fair  and  high-minded 
set  of  men,  such  as  we  are  most  happy  to 
accommodate  by  answering,  so  far  as  it  is 
in  our  power,  all  their  inquiries ;  but  there 
are  a  few  of  whom  we  can  very  justly  com- 
plain. They  put  to  us  all  sorts  of  ques- 
tions, to  answer  which  might  require  a 
half-day  of  our  valuable  time ;  and  if  we 
snub  them  off  with  a  short  answer,  they  are 
likely  to  reply  back  in  complaining  terms. 
It  cannot  be  reasonably  expected  of  us, 
that  we  shall  spend  our  time  in  such — to 
us — ^profitless  letter-writing.  We  mean  to  be  accommo- 
dating, but  cannot  consent  to  waste  all  our  time  in  getting 
information  for  correspondents  who  seem  not  to  know  how 
to  appreciate  either  our  forbearance  or  the  value  of  our 
time.  As  an  example  of  what  we  mean,  we  have  a  case 
before  us.  i  correspondent  wants  us  to  hunt  through  our 
files  for  a  notice  of  some  book  which  appeared  in  The 
Scientific  American  some  years  ago,  and  to  help  him  to 
find  the  book.  He  also  wants  us  to  find  for  him  an  English 
book  which  we  do  not  believe  can  be  had  in  this  market. 
Another  correspondent  wants  us  to  send  to  England  without 
delay  to  get  something  which  would  require  time  and  money 
to  procure  for  him,  but  in  regard  to  which  he  don't  even 
inclose  a  three-cent  stamp  to  pre-pay  our  letter.  Another 
incloses  three  cents,  and  wants  a  calculation  made  which 
would  cost  us  two  hours'  hard  study.  It  is  well  enough  for 
such  correspondents  to  know  that  our  time  is  worth  to  us 
more  than  a  cent  and  a  half  per  hour.  Treat  us  fairly,  and 
you  will  have  no  cause  of  complaint 


TABLE    OF   OCCUPATIONS. 


137 


TABLE   OF   OCCUPATIONS, 

COMPILED    FFwOM    THE    LAST     CENSUS    OF    THE 

STATES,  A.D.  1870. 


UNITED 


All  occupations  (persons  en-  PnorKSsioNAL  and  Febsonal. 

S^S^^^^) 12,505,923  Do^e,tic  servants 975,734 

Employees    of    companies 


AoBicriiTt  uE total,  5,922,471 


(not  specified) .' 843 

Employees  of  Government.  14,407 

Agrlculturallaborers 2,885,996; Employees   of  hotels  and 

Apiarists 136     restaurants 23,433 

Dairymen  and  dairy  women,        8,650,1  Engineers,  civil 4,703 


Farm  and  plantation  over- 
seers         8,609 

Farmers  and  planters 2,977,711 


Florists 1,085 

Gardeners  and  nurserymen,  81,435 

Stock-drovers 3,181 

Stoclc-herders 6,590 

Stock-raisers 6,588 

Turpentine  farmers 361 

Turpentine  laborers 2,117,, 

Vinegrowers 1,112  Lamp-lighters 

—  Land-surveyors 


Hostlers 17,586 

Hotel-keepers 26,394 


940 


171 

191 

85. 

1,709 

5,283 


PnOFEBSIOKAL       AND       PEE- 

BONAL  SEHVICES 2,684,793 


2,053 


Actors 

Apprentices  to  learned  pro- 
fessions   

Apprentices  to  barbers 

Apprentices  to  dentists  . , . . 

Architects 

Artists  (not  specified) 

Auctioneers 

Authors  and  lecturers 

Barbers  and  hairdressers... 

Bath-house  keepers 

Billiard  and  bowling-saloon 

keepers 

Bill-posters 

Boarding  and  lodging-houso 

keepers 12,786 

Boot-blacks 587 

Card-writers 33 

Chemists  (practicing) 608 

Chimney-sweeps 73 

Chiropodists 65 

Claim  agents 693 

Clergymen 43,874 

Clerks  and  copyists 6,138 


886 

859 

166 

2,017 

2,948 

2,266 

458 

23,935 

1,220 
424 


Clerks  in  Govcrnm't  offices, 

Clerks  in  hotels  and  restau- 
rants   

Dentists 

Designers  and  draughts- 
men   


8,672 

6.213 
7,839 

934 


Hunters  and  trappers , 
Indian  guides  and  interpre- 
ters  

Intelligence-oflice  keepers. . 

Inventors 

Janitors 

Journalists 

Laborers  (uotspecitted)....  1,031,066 

276 

2,671 

Launderers  &  laundresses. .  OO.iXMJ 

Lawyers 40,736 

Librarians 218 

Livery-stable  keepers 8,504 

Marines  <U.  S.) 477 

Messengers D,717 

Metallurgists 104 

Midwives l,18:i 

Musicians  (professional)...  0,519 

Naturalists 287 

Nurses 10,976 

OflJcers  of  the  Army   and 

Navv 2,280 

Officials  of  companies  (not 

specified) 3,410 

Officials  of  Government. . . .  44,743 

Painters 775 

Physicians  and  surgeons...  62,383 

Restaurant-keepers 35,185 

Sailors  (U.  S.  Navy) 780 

Scavengers 301 

Sculptors 250 

Sextons 1,151 

Short-hand  writers 154 

Showmen  and  ehowwomen,  1,177 

Soldiers  (U.  S.  A.) 22,081 

Teachers  (not  specified) ....  126,822 

Teachers  of  dancing 149 

Teachers   of  drawing  and 

painting 108 

Teachers  of  music 9,491 

Translators 21 

Veterinary  surgeons 1,166 

Whitewashers 2,873 


138 


TABLE    OF    OCCUPATIONS. 


Table  op  Occupations.    {Continued.) 


Tkade  and    Tkansporta- 

TioK 1,191,238 

Agents 10,499 

Apprentices  in  stores 678 

Bankers  and  brokers 10,631 

Barkeepers 14,3f)2 

Boatmen  and  watermen. . . .  21,332 
Book-keepers  and   accoun- 
tants in  stores 81,177 

Canalmen 7,338 

Clerks  in  stores 222,604 

Clerks  and  book-keepers  in 

banks 7,103 

Clerks  and  book-keepers  in 

express  companies 767 

Clerks  and  book-keepers  in 

insurance  offices 1,568 

Clerks  and  book-keepers  in 

railroad  offices 7,374 

Clerks  and  book-keepers  in 

telegraph  offices 191 

Commercial  travelers 7,262 

Draymen,  hackmen,  teams- 
ters, etc 120,750 

Employees  of  trading  and 

transportation  companies  4,152 
Employees   of  banks   (not 

clerks) 424 

Employees  of  express  com- 
panies (not  clerks) 8,554 

Employees     of    insurance 

companies  (not  clerks)...  11,611 
Employees  or  railroad  com- 
panies (not  clerks) 154,027 

Employees  of  street  railroad 

companies  (not  clerks) . . .  6,103 
Employees     of     telegraph 

companies  (not  clerks) . . .  8,31G 

Hucksters 17,862 

Laborers 14.882 

Milkmen  and  milkwomen. .  3,728 

Mule-packers 4r^ 

Newspaper  criers  and  car- 
riers. 2,002 

Officials     of     trading    and 

transportation  companies  976 

Officials  of  banks 2,738 

Officials  of  express  co's 75 

Officials  of  insurance  co's. . .  762 

Officials  of  railroad  co's 1,902 

Officials  of  street  railr'd  co's,  88 

Officials  of  telegraph  co's..  72 

Packers 1,421 

Pawnbrokers 884 

Peddlers 16,976 

Pilots 3,649 


Tkadk  and  Transpohtation. 

Porters  in  stores  and  ware- 
houses   16,631 

Sailors 56,603 

Salesmen  and  saleswomen..  14,203 
Shippers  and  freighters....  8,567 
Steamboat  men  and  women,  7,975 
Stewards  and  stewardesses,  1,24.5 
Toll-gate  &c  bridge  keepers,  2,253 
Traders  and  dealers  (n.  s.) . .  100,406 
Traders  in  agricultural  im- 
plements   1,939 

Traders  in  books  and  sta- 
tionery   3,392 

Traders  in  boots  and  shoes,  7,019 

Traders  in  cabinet-ware....  4,087 

Traders  in  cigars  &  tobacco,  S,'?M 

Traders  in  clothing 7,595 

Traders  in  cloths  and  textile 

fabrics 1,103 

Traders  in  coal 4,143 

Traders  in  coal  and  wood. .  2,493 

Traders  in  cotton 1,701 

Traders  in  crockery,  china, 

and  stoneware 1,705 

Traders  in  drugs  and  medi- 
cines    17,309 

Traders  in  dry-goods t.9,790 

Traders  in  gold  and  silver 

ware  and  jewelry 6,402 

Traders  in  groceries 74,410 

Traders  in  hats  and  caps. . .  8,875 

Traders  in  ice 1,464 

Traders  in  iron,  tin,  and  cop- 
per ware 9.003 

Traders   in   leather,  hides, 

and  skins 2,261 

Traders  in  lime 310 

Traders  in  liquors  &  wines,  11,718 

Traders  in  live-stock 7,723 

Traders  in  lumber 9,440 

Traders  in  machinery  (n.s.),  254 
Traders  in  music  and  musi- 
cal instruments 848 

Traders  in  newspapers  and 

periodicals 1,455 

Traders  in  oils,  paints,  and 

turpentine 986 

Traders    in  optical   Instru- 
ments   301 

Traders  in  produce 11,809 

Traders  in  provisions 7,528 

Traders  in  real  estate 8,933 

Trad's  in  sewing-machines,  3,152 

Undertakers 1,996 

"Weighers,      gaugers,     and 

measurers 926 

Wreckers 93 


TABLE    OF    OCCUPATIONS. 


139 


Table  op  Occupations.    (Continued.) 


MANrFACTUBES  AND  MlHT- 

ixo 2,707,421 


Agricultural-implement  ma- 
kers   8.811 

Artlflclal-flower  makers..,.  1,169 

Apprentices  (not  specified).  ,16,302 

Bag-makers 866 

Bakers 27,080 

Basket-makers 3,297 

Bell-founders 169 

Belting-factory  operatives.  296 

Blacksmiths 141,774 

Bleachers,  dyers,  and  scour- 
ers   4,901 

Blind,door,and  sash^makers,  6,155 

Boat-makers * . .  2,101 

Bone  and  Ivory  workers...  208 

Bookbinders  and  finishers. .  9,104 

Boot  and  shoe  makers 171,127 

Box-factory  operatives 6,080 

Brass  founders  and  workers,  4,094 

Brewers  and  maltsters 11,246 

Brick  and  tile  makers 26,070 

Bridge    builders    and    con- 
tractors    1,029 

Britannia     and     japanned 

ware  makers 1,092 

Broom  and  brush  r>akers..  6,816 

Bronze-workera 79 

Builders     and    contractors 

(not  specified) 7,511 

Butchers 44,354 

Button-factory  operatives..  1,272 

Cabinet-makers 42,835 

Candle,    soap,   and    tallow 

makers 1,942 

Card  and  fancy-paper  ma- 
kers   839 

Car-makers 2,228 

Carpenters  and  joiners 344,696 

Carpet-bag  and  satchel  ma- 
kers   202j 

Carpet-makers 16,669 : 

Carriage  and  wagon  makers,  42,464| 

Charcoal  and  lime  burners,  8,834j 

Cheese-makers 3.5S4 

Cigar-makers 28.286 

Clerks  and  book-keepers...  6,861 

Clock-makers 1,779 

Comb-makers 693 

Confectioners 8,219 

Coopers 41,789 

Copper-workers 3,122 

Cotton-mill  operatives 111,606 

Curriers,  tanners,   finishers 

of  leather 28,703 


Manutactubks  and  Mining. 

Daguerreotyplsts  and  pho- 
tographers    7,55S 

Die-sinkers  &  stamn-mak's,  479 

Distillers  and  rectifiers 2,874 

Employees 20,242 

Engineers  and  firemen 84,233 

Engravers 4,226 

Fertilizer   -    establishment 

operatives 316 

File   makers,    cutters,  and 

grinders 1,413 

Fireworks-makers 101 

Fishermen  and  oystermen.  27,106 

Flax-dressers 1,046 

Fur-workers 1,191 

Galloon,  gimp,  and  tassel 

makers 569 

Gas-works  employees 2,086 

Gilders 1,534 

Glass-works  operatives 9,518 

Glove-makers 2,329 

Glue-makers 241 

Gold  and  silver  workers. . . .  18,608 

Gun  and  lock  smiths 8,184 

Hair  cleaners  and  dressers.  1,026 

Harness  and  saddle  makers,  82,817 

Hat  and  cap  makers 12,625 

Hoop-skirt  makers 962 

Hose-makers   (leather  and 

other) 248 

House   builders    and    con- 
tractors    399 

Ice-cutters 143 

Ink-makers 78 

Iron   and  steel  works  and 

shops  operatives 22.141 

Iron-ioundry  operatives. . . .  34,245 

Iron-furnace  operatives 7,453 

Iron  and  steel  rolllng-mlU 

operatives 17,249 

Knitting  and  hosiery  mill 

operatives 3,053 

Llnen-mlU  operatives 706 

Lumbermen  and  raftsmen . .  17,752 
Macaroni     and     vermicelli 

makers 29 

Machinists 54,755 

Manufacturers 42,877 

Marble  and  stone  cutters. . .  25,831 

Masons,  brick  and  stone...  89,710 
Mast,  spar,  oar,  and  block 

makers 653 

Mattress-makers 375 

Meat  and  fruit  preserving 

employees 770 

Meat  packers,  curers,  and 

pLcklera 1,164 


140 


TABLE    OF    OCCUPATION'S. 


Table  or  Occupations.    (Continued.) 


Manufacturks  and  Mining. 

Mechanics  (not  specified)..  16,514 
Mill  and  factory  operatlveH 

(not  specified) 41,619 

Millers 41,682 

Milliners,  dress  and  mantua 

makers 92,084 

Mineral-water  makers 458 

Miners 152,107 

Mirror  and   picture  frame 

makers 070 

Morocco-dressers 1,728 

Musical  instrument  makers 

(not  specified) 877 

Needle-makers 164 

OfiJcIals  of  mauufacturiuf{ 

companies 2,144 

Ofilcials  of  mining  compa- 
nies   C76 

Oil-cloth  makers 454 

Oil-refinery  operatives 1,747 

Oil-well  operators  &  labor's,  8,808 

Organ-makers 667 

Oyster-packers 443 

Painters  and  varnishers. . . .  86,128 

Paper-hangers 2,400 

Paper-mill  operatives 12,469 

Patent-medicine  makers...  409 

Pattern-makers 3,970 

Perfumers 248 

Piano-forte  makers 2.685 

Plasterers 23,577 

Plaster-moulders 228 

Plate-printers 231 

Plumbers  and  gasfltters. . . .  11,143 

Potters 6,060 

Powder-makers 676 

Printers 39,860 

Print-works  operatives 3,788 

Publishers  of  books,  maps, 

newspapers 1,677 

Pump-makers 1,672 

Quarrymen 13,589 

Quartz  &  stamp  mill  labors,  617 

Rae-pickers 436 

Railroad  builders  and  con- 
tractors    1,292 

Reed  and  shuttle  makers. . .  200 

Roofers  and  slaters 2,760 


MANUrAOTUBES  AND    MiNINO. 


Rope  and  cordage  makers. . 
Rubber-factory  operatives. 
Sail  and  awning  makers. , . . 

Salt-makers 

Saw-mill  operatives 

Sawyers 

Scale  and  rule  makers 

Screw-makers 

Sewing  -  machine     factory 

operatives 

Sewing-machine  operators. 
Shingle  and  lath  makers... 

Ship-carpenters 

Ship-smiths 

Ship-calkers 

Ship-riggers 

Shirt,  cuff,  &  collar  makers, 
Shot,   cartridge,   and    fuse 

makers 

Silk-mill  operatives 

Spring  and  axle  makers.... 

Starch-makers 

Stave,  shook,  and  heading 

makers 

Steam-boiler  makers 

Steam-engine  makers 

Stereotypers  

Stove,  furnace,  and  grate 

makers 

Straw-workers 

Sugar  makers  and  refiners. . 
Tailors,     talloresses,     and 

seamstresses 

Tinners 

Tool  and  cutlery  makers.. . 
Trunk  and  valise  makers. . . 
Tobacco-factory  operatives. 

Truss-makers 

Type  founders  and  cutters. 
Umbrella  &  parasol  makers. 

Upholsterers 

Wheelwrights 

Whip-makers 

Window-shade  makers 

Wire  makers  and  workers. . 

Woodchoppera 

Wood  turners  and  carvers. . 
Woolen-mlU  operatives  .... 


2,075 
3,886 
2,309 
1,721 
47,298 
6,939 
416 


8,881 
8,042 
8,788 
15,1)00 
396 
8,068 
1,057 
4,080 

186 

8,256 

301 

229 

1,858 

6,058 

4,172 

883 

1,543 
2,029 
1,609 

161,820 

30,524 

5,351 

1,845 

11,986 

74 

649 

1,439 

5,T36 

20,942 

609 

245 

1,834 

8,338 

7,947 

58,836 


GENERAL   SUMMARY. 

Engaged  In  agriculture 6,922,471 

'*  professional  service 2,684,793 

"  trade  and  transportation 1,191,238 

*'  manufactures  and  mining 2,707,421 


All  occupations  1870,  persons  in 12,606,923 


LIGHTNING    RODS. 


141 


39 
36 

[>9 


LIGHTNING  RODS. 

The  golden  rule  of  safety  is  to  provide  the  building  with 
plenty  of  rods  or  conductors,  and  make  sure  that  their  lower 
ends,  in  the  ground,  are  soldered  to  a  large  surface  of  metal 
or  other  conducting  material  placed  underground.  The 
common  method  is  simply  to  stick  the  end  of  the  rod  three 
feet  down  into  dry  earth.  But  this  is  unsafe,  because  dry 
earth  is  a  very  poor  conductor  of  electricity.  To  compensate 
for  this  lack  of  conductivity,  the  bottom  of  the  rod  should 
communicate  with  a  large  extent  of  conducting  material. 
This  may  be  done  by  soldering  the  lower  end  of  the  rod  to 
water  or  gas  pipes,  if  they  exist ;  if  not,  then  dig  a  trench 
four  feet  deep,  six  inches  wide  at  bottom,  in  which  deposit  a 
layer  sixMnches  thick  of  coal  dust,  charcoal,  anthracite,  or 
bituminous.  Bed  the  end  of  the  rod  for  several  feet  in  this 
layer  of  coal,  which  is  a  pretty  good  conductor  of  electricitv. 
The  trench  should  be  one  hundred  or  more  feet  in  length. 
The  rods  should  be  placed  on  all  ridges,  corners,  and  chim- 
neys. All  metallic  roofs,  gutters,  and  water-pipes  should 
have  soldered  connection  with  the  rod,  which  should  not  be 
insulated  from  the  building.  All  metallic  water,  gas,  stove, 
and  other  pipes  within  the  building,  all  bell  wires,  masses  of 
metal,  machmery,  should  be  connected  with  the  ground,  in 
the  manner  described  for  the  rods.  The  more  conductors 
that  are  connected  with  the  ground  in  this  way,  the  greater 
the  safety.  Common  one  half  inch  square  iron  makes  a  good 
conductor.    So  does  copper  wire  one  eighth  inch  in  diameter. 


Underdraining. — Surface  water  that  flows  off  the  land 
instead  of  passing  through  the  soil,  carries  with  it  whatever 
fertilizing  matter  it  may  contain,  and  abstracts  some  from 
the  earth.  If  it  pass  down  through  the  soil  to  drain,  this 
waste  is  arrested. 

Common  hydraulic  cement  mixed  with  oil  forms  a  good 
paint  for  roofs  and  out-buildings.  It  is  water-proof  and  in- 
combustible. 

Ordinary  Concrete  is  a  coarse  mortar  made  of  i  mea- 
sure of  fine  quicklime,  i)^  of  water,  6  to  8  of  gravel  and 
broken  bricks  or  stones.  Forms  a  cheap  foundation  or  wall. 
The  ground  trench  being  made,  the  concrete,  well  mixed,  is 
thrown  in,  in  layers  of  one  foot  thickness,  and  thoroughly  com- 
pacted by  rammers.  Above  ground,  wide  planks  are  used  to 
form  trench.  If  carefully  mixed  and  rammed,  durable  walls 
may  be  quickly  and  cheaply  made. 


142 


MINERAL   CON'^^TITUENTS. 


MINERAL  CONSTITUENTS  ABSORBED  OR  REMOV- 
ED  FROM  AN  ACRE  OF  SOIL  BY  THE  FOL- 
LOWING   CROPS. 


Potassa 

Soda 

Lime 

Magnesia 

Oxide  of  Iron..., 
Phosphoric  Acid . 
Sulphuric  Acid.. 

Chlorine 

Silica. 

Alumina 

Total 


Wheat, 
25  bushel?. 

Barley, 
40  bushels. 

Turnips, 
20  tons. 

Hay, 

i^  tons. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

29.6 
3- 

17-5 

5-2 

47.1 
8.2 

38.3 

13. 

12.9 
10.6 

2.6 
20.6 
10.6 

2. 

17- 
9.2 

2.1 

25.8 

2.7 

16. 

29.9 
19.7 

7.1 
46.3 
13-3 

3-6 

44-5 

151 
9.2 

41 

J18.1 

•  •  •  • 

129. s 
a. 4 

247.8 

78.2 

•  •  •  • 

210.00 

213.00 

423.00 

209.00 

USEFUL    FACTS    AND    RECIPES. 

Freezing  Mixtures. — A  mixture  of  nine  parts  phos- 
phate of  soda,  six  parts  nitrate  of  ammonia,  and  four  parts 
nitric  acid,  is  a  freezing  compound  which  will  cause  a  fall  in 
temperature  of  71°  Fahrenheit. 

Equal  weights  of  sal-ammoniac  and  nitre,  dissolved  in  its 
own  weight  of  water,  lowers  the  temperature  of  the  latter 
from  50°  Fahrenheit  to  10"  or  22°  below  the  freezing  point. 

Soap-Bubbles. — Few  things  amuse  children  more  than 
blowing  bubbles.  Dissolve  a  quarter  of  an  ounce  of  Castile 
or  oil  soap,  cut  up  in  small  pieces,  in  three  quarters  of  a 
pint  of  water,  and  boil  it  for  two  or  three  minutes  ;  then  add 
five  ounces  of  glycerine.  When  cold,  this  fluid  will  produce 
the  best  and  most  lasting  bubbles  that  can  be  blown. 

Liquid-Glues. — Take  of  gum  shellac  three  parts,  caout- 
chouc (india-rubber)  one  part,  by  weight.  Dissolve  the 
caoutchouc  and  shellac  in  separate  vessels,  in  ether  free 
from  alcohol,  applying  a  gentle  heat.  When  thoroughly 
dissolved  mix  the  two  solutions,  and  keep  in  a  bottle  tightly 
stoppered.  This  glue  is  called  marine  glue,  and  resists  the 
action  of  water  both  hot  and  cold,  and  most  of  the  acids  and 
alkalies.  Pieces  of  wood,  leather,  or  other  substances,  joined 
together  by  it,  v/ill  part  at  any  other  point  than  the  joint  thus 
made.  If  the  glue  be  thinned  by  the  admixture  of  ether,  and 
applied  as  a  varnish  to  leather,  along  the  seams  where  it  is 
sewed  together,  it  renders  the  joint  or  seam  water-tight,  and 
almost  impossible  to  separate. 


CIRCLES. 


143 


CIRCLES. 

A  CIRCLE  is  the  most  capacious  of  all  plain  figures,  or  con- 
tains the  greatest  area  within  the  same  outline  or  perimeter. 

To  find  the  circumference  of  a  circle,  multiply  the  diame- 
ter by  3.1416,  and  the  product  will  be  the  circumference. 

To  find  the  diameter  of  a  circle,  divide  the  circumference 
by  3.1416,  and  the  quotient  will  be  the  diameter. 

Any  circle  whose  diameter  is  double  that  of  another,  con- 
tains four  times  the  area  01  the  other. 

To  find  the  area  of  an  ellipsis,  multiply  the  long  diameter 
by  the  short  diameter  and  by  .7854 ;  the  product  will  be  the 
area. 

To  find  the  area  of  a  circle,  multiply  the  square  of  the 
diameter  by  the  decimal  .7854.  Or  multiply  the  circumfer- 
ence by  the  radius,  and  divide  the  product  by  2. 


Plaster  of  Parls  may  be  prepared  in  three  ways  to 
form  a  hard  casting  capable  of  taking  a  high  polish.  Mixed 
with  a  solution  of  borax,  then  rebaked,  powdered,  and  mixed 
with  a  solution  of  alum,  it  forms  Parian.  Mixed  with  solution 
of  alum,  rebaked,  powdered,  and  mixed  with  alum  solution, 
it  forms  Keene's  cement.  Mixed  with  solution  of  sulphate  of 
potash,  rebaked,  powdered,  and  mixed  with  alum  solution,  it 
forms  Martin's  cement. 

Water  is  the  offspring  of  the  two  gases  hydrogen  and 
oxygen.  If  eight  pounds  of  hydrogen  and  one  pound  of  oxy- 
gen are  mixed  and  ignited  by  a  flame,  they  combine  with  a 
violent  explosion  and  form  nme  pounds  of  limpid  water.  If 
this  water  is  now  sufficiently  heated,  e.^.  by  passing  it  slowly 
through  a  red-hot. tube,  it  quietly  separates  into  its  original 
gases — namely,  eight  pounds  of  hydrogen,  one  of  oxygen. 

Should  we  deal  with  these  gases  by  volumes,  instead  of 
pounds,  then  three  cubic  feet  of  the  combined  gases,  of 
which  two  are  hydrogen,  and  one  of  oxygen,  if  mixed  and  ex- 
ploded form  water;  but  the  water  produced  only  occupies 
the  two  thousand  six  hundredth  part  of  the  space  filled  by 
the  combined  gases  prior  to  the  explosion. 

The  air,  the  atmosphere  we  breathe,  is  composed  of  four 
parts  of  nitrogen  gas  and  one  part  of  oxygen.  For  example, 
if  we  mix  four  gallons  of  nitrogen  and  one  of  oxygen,  we  have 
five  gallons  of  air.  It  is  the  pa^ygen  that  supports  life ;  the 
nitrogen  is  simply  a  diluent  or„^pr«Bader. 


Z  rrX)  £3  3C  , 


PAOI 

Air 69,  143 

AppeiiU 96 

Aiil^niii«iiU  of  Patanti 97,  59,  60 

Attorneyt 60 

Batteries,  Electric lOl 

Uelgian  Patent! 4G 

British   Patents 46 

Canadian  Patents 46 

Capitol  of  the  U.  S 18 

Caveats 96 

Cement  Paint 141 

Census,  Foreificn  Population 11 

Census  of  the  United  States 3 

Charcoal,  Properties  of 119 

Circle,  Problems 143 

Cloth,  Fire-proof 99 

Coal,  Power  of ••    41 

Concrete 141 

Copies  of  Pateats 99 

Copper 132 

Copying  Ink 198 

Copyright  Laws,  The 93 

Copyrights  for  Books,  etc 33 

Copyrights  for  Labels 89 

Cost  01  applying  for  Patents 90 

Crank,  Substitute 119 

Design  Patents 98,  68 

Distinguished  Inventors 104 

Drawing*  for  Patents 64 

Earn  what  you  Spend 136 

Electric  Batteries,  Magnets 101 

Electrical  Conductors,  Table 109 

Electricity.  Speed  of 36 

Employers'  and  Employes'  rights  ...     86 

Engines,  Best  Coal  for 41 

English  Patents 46 

Examination,  Official 66 

Expansion,  Iiorce  of 41 

Fees,  Official,  Table  of 86 

Fire-proof  Cloth 29 

Foreign  Patents 44 

Forms,  various 60 

Freezing  Mixtures 149 

French  Patents 46 

Friction 130 

'Geometry,  Practical 133 

German  Patents 46 

Gestation 131 

Glues,  Liquid 149 

Going  to  Washington 98 

Gunpowder 199 

Heat  Conductors lOS 

Heat,  Effects  of.  Table 100 

Heat,  Mechanical   Equivalent 198 

Hints  to  Letter-Writers 136 

Hints  on  Sale  of  Patents 47 

Hold  the  Fort 61 

Horse-Power 118 

Hew  to  Invent 196 

How  to  sell  Patents 47 

Ice-boats,  Velocity  of. 81 

Illumination,  Rule  for 83 

Incubation 131 

Infringements 96,    67 

Interferences 67 

Inventors,  Distinguished 103 

Knots 190,  191 

Labels,  Copyrights  for 39,    98 


TAom 

Largest  and  Ikst 44 

License,  Form  for 60 

Light,  Velocity,  etc 89 

Lightning  Rods 141 

Magnets,  Batteries h<\ 

Mechanical  Movements 107 

Minerals  removed  by  Crops 149 

Model  Room,  Patent  Office 43 

Modeli 99,  66 

Molecules 196 

Mulium  in  Parvo  ....  119 

Occupations  in  U.S.,  i 187 

Patent,  Cost  of 90 

Patent,  How  much  wo    .i ]6 

Patent  Laws,  Directions 16 

Patent  Laws  of  the  United  States...     69 

Patent  Office,  View  of 14 

Patent  Office,  Washington.... 43 

Patent  Sellers,  Professional 60 

Patented  Articles,  Stamping 78 

Patents,  Forms  for 60 

Patents,  Hints  on  Sale 47 

Patents,  How  to  obtain 16 

Penalty  for  Stamping. 78 

Petition  for  Patent,  Form 60 

Plaster  of  Paris,  To  harden 143 

Platinum 69 

Population,  past,  present,  prosp 11 

Power  of  Wnter 118 

Practice,  Pntent  Office,  Rules 63 

Preliminary  Examination 17 


Questions  and  Answer 
Railways  of  U.  S., 
Recipes,  Useful.... 
Reissues 

Rejected  Applications 


84 
..  13 
..    143 

•J6,  67 
..     S6 


Applli 

Rights,  Employers,  Employes 35 

Rivers  of  U.  S 13 

Royalty 47 

Rules  of  Practice 63 

Sale  of  Patents,  Hints 47 

Scientific  American  Offices..94,  36,  38,  40 
Scientific  American  Office,  Washt'n.     94 

Soap  Bubbles 149 

Sound 41 

Specific  Gravity 1£0 

State  Laws  concerning  Patents 69 

Steamboats.  Small 183 

Steam  Engine,  History 197 

Steam  Engine,  The 135 

Steam  Navigation  of  U.  S IS 

Steam,  Pressure  of.  Table. ...^ 100 

Substitute  for  the  Crank 119 

Taxes,  none  on  Patents 40 

Telegraph  Lines,  U.  S 13 

Trade  Marks 80,87,  90 

Tungsten 99 

Underdraining 141 

United  States,  Length,  Breadth 13 

United  States,  Map  of; 18,  19 

Useful  Recipes,  Facts 143 

Water,  Composition  of 1 48 

Water-power,  Rule 118 

Weights  and  Measures 199,  193,  194 

Weights,  Substances,  Tables 130 

What  Security  have  I ! 90 

Will  it  Pay! 40 

Wind,  Velocity,  and  Force 1«» 


PAOI 

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141 

Icl 

107 

149 

43 

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196 

112 

187 

20 

16 

16 

69 

14 

43 

60 

78 

60 

47 

16 

78 

60 

143 

62 

11 

118 

63 

17 

34 

13 

143 

26 

,  67 

86 

35 

13 

47 

63 

47 

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,40 

24 

142 

41 

1£0 

63 

133 

127 

136 

IS 

100 

119 

40 

13 

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,90 

29 

141 

13 

18 

,  19 

143 

143 

118 

>f 

124 

130 

20 

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129 

